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Topic Review
Implications of Calf Nutritional Management on Welfare
The priority for calf rearing has been to maintain good health and welfare in order to promote and sustain future production. However, there have been numerous reports of undesirable levels of morbidity and mortality amongst pre-weaned calves. This may be mitigated or exacerbated by nutritional management practices.
  • 615
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Intermittent Hypoxia and Cytokines
Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) is a prevalent disorder characterized by recurrent apnea or hypoxia episodes leading to intermittent hypoxia (IH) and arousals during sleep. 
  • 614
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Link between Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Neurologic Injury
Communication between the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the central nervous system (CNS) is vital for maintaining systemic homeostasis. Intrinsic and extrinsic neurological inputs of the gut regulate blood flow, peristalsis, hormone release, and immunological function. The health of the gut microbiome plays a vital role in regulating the overall function and well-being of the individual. Microbes release short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that regulate G-protein-coupled receptors to mediate hormone release, neurotransmitter release (i.e., serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine, and histamine), and regulate inflammation and mood. Further gaseous factors (i.e., nitric oxide) are important in regulating inflammation and have a response in injury. 
  • 612
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Bacterial Communities in the Embryo of Maize Landraces
Locally adapted maize accessions (landraces) represent an untapped resource of nutritional and resistance traits for breeding, including the shaping of distinct microbiota.
  • 610
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
HAUSP as Epigenetic Regulator for Chromatin Effector Proteins
HAUSP (herpes virus-associated ubiquitin-specific protease), also known as Ubiquitin Specific Protease 7, plays critical roles in cellular processes, such as chromatin biology and epigenetics, through the regulation of different signaling pathways. HAUSP is a main partner of the “Epigenetic Code Replication Machinery,” ECREM, a large protein complex that includes several epigenetic players, such as the ubiquitin-like containing plant homeodomain (PHD) and an interesting new gene (RING), finger domains 1 (UHRF1), as well as DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), histone methyltransferase G9a, and histone acetyltransferase TIP60. Due to its deubiquitinase activity and its ability to team up through direct interactions with several epigenetic regulators, mainly UHRF1, DNMT1, TIP60, the histone lysine methyltransferase EZH2, and the lysine-specific histone demethylase LSD1, HAUSP positions itself at the top of the regulatory hierarchies involved in epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes in cancer. 
  • 608
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Major Mycotoxins in Animal Feed
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi especially those belonging to the genus Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. Mycotoxin contamination can occur in all agricultural commodities in the field and/or during storage, if conditions are favourable to fungal growth. Regarding animal feed, five mycotoxins (aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins and ochratoxin A) are covered by the EU legislation (regulation or recommendation). Transgressions of these limits are rarely observed in official monitoring programs. However, low level contamination by Fusarium toxins is very common (e.g., deoxynivalenol - DON - is typically found in more than 50% of the samples) and co-contamination is frequently observed. Multi-mycotoxin studies reported 75%–100% of the samples to contain more than one mycotoxin which could impact animal health at already low doses.
  • 607
  • 20 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Antibiotic Therapies and Calves’ Gastrointestinal Microbiota
The main components of calves’ GIM are Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae (40%) (Firmicutes phylum), and Bacteroidaceae (15%) (Bacteroides phylum), followed by Enterobacterales (25%) (Proteobacteria phylum), which decreases during GIM maturation (5%), whereas Prevotellaceae increases (20%) (Bacteroidetes phylum). The composition of feedcolostrum and GIM in neonate calves is similar, and GIM’s evolution occurs rapidly during the first 10 weeks of life. Amounts of ARGs were found higher in calves than in adult animals reared in the same environment. Living conditions, such as wet soil and the number of cattle residing in the farm (>500), were risk factors for colonization with cefotaxime (third generation cephalosporin, GC) resistant bacteria. A decrease of Enterobacterales during the first weeks of life has been associated with a general decrease in ARGs abundance in calves, with breed influencing the abundance of certain ARGs and ampC gene (copy number).
  • 606
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Plant Cell Walls to Improve Biomass Quality
Biomass is one of the most important sources of renewable energy and plays an important role in reducing our reliance on fossil fuels. Efficient biomass production is essential to obtain large amounts of sustainable energy with minimal environmental cost.
  • 606
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Avian Neuropeptide Y
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one of the most abundant and ubiquitously expressed neuropeptides in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, and its regulatory effects on feed intake and appetite have been extensively studied in a wide variety of animals, including mammalian and non-mammalian species. Recent studies have shown that this neuropeptide and its receptors are expressed in various peripheral tissues; however, research investigating the distribution and function of peripherally expressed NPY in avian (non-mammalian vertebrates) species are limited.
  • 605
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Nitrogen Gap Amelioration in Agriculture
The main reason for the development of the yield gap in crop production is the inefficient man-agement of nitrogen (N). The nitrogen gap (NG) cannot be ameliorated without an indication and quantification of soil characteristics that limit N uptake by a crop plant. The insufficient supply of N to a plant during its cardinal stages of yield formation is a result of two ma-jor-variabilities. The first is spatial variability in the soil characteristics responsible for water supply to a plant, also serving as a nutrient carrier. The second is a vertical variability in soil factors, decisive for pools of available nutrients, and their in-season accessibility to the grown crop. The long-term strategy for NG cover should focus first on soil characteristics (humus stock, pH, nutrient content) responsible for water storage and its availability to the currently grown plant.
  • 603
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review
MiRNA as Regulator in Malaria Host-Parasite Interaction
Malaria is a severe life-threatening disease caused by the bites of parasite-infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It remains a significant problem for the most vulnerable children and women. Research has helped establish the relationship between microRNAs (miRNAs) and many other diseases. MiRNAs are the class of small non-coding RNAs consisting of 18–23 nucleotides in length that are evolutionarily conserved and regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level and play a significant role in various molecular mechanisms such as cell survival, cell proliferation, and differentiation. MiRNAs can help detect malaria infection as the malaria parasite could alter the miRNA expression of the host. These alterations can be diagnosed by the molecular diagnostic tool that can indicate disease.
  • 602
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Fracture Prediction
Despite many recent advances in imaging and epidemiological data analysis, musculoskeletal injuries continue to be a welfare issue in racehorses. Peptide biomarker studies have failed to consistently predict bone injury. Molecular profiling studies provide an opportunity to study equine musculoskeletal disease and potentially discover biomarkers to aid in prediction and diagnosis. 
  • 597
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Regeneration Studies on Plant Cells
The in vitro regeneration approach allows us to conserve and proliferate rare and therapeutic plant species for the extraction of diverse bioactive compounds. Since A. annua is a medicinal herb with significant anti-malarial effects, it is critical to understand how to regenerate it, utilizing in vitro techniques to boost its bioactive compound content while also preserving its excellent quality germplasm.
  • 596
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Training in the Dark
Accelerometers offer unique opportunities to study the behaviour of cryptic animals but require validation to show their accuracy in identifying behaviours. This validation is often undertaken in captivity before use in the wild. While zoos provide important opportunities for trial field techniques, they must consider the welfare and health of the individuals in their care and researchers must opt for the least invasive techniques.
  • 592
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Early-Life Origins of Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is not a single disease but a collection of medical conditions that occur together and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although MetS had been defined slightly differently by various organizations, the main components of MetS include obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. The prevalence estimates vary, based on the criteria used for the diagnosis of MetS. 
  • 591
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
PI3K/Akt/PTEN Dysregulation in Canine Tumor
PIK3CA H1047R mutation was detected in 14.3% (10/70) of tumor samples. Dysregulation of p-Akt, Akt2, and PTEN was observed in mammary tumor samples, but only PTEN dysregulation was associated with PIK3CA H1047R mutation. Conclusions: The present study showed that dysregulation of components in the PI3K/Akt/PTEN pathway is a feature of canine mammary tumors, but this dysregulation is not directly correlated to the PIK3CA H1047R mutation except for PTEN expression
  • 590
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Early-Successional Habitat Needs of At-Risk Species
Public lands alone are insufficient to address the needs of most at-risk wildlife species in the U.S. As a result, a variety of voluntary incentive programs have emerged to recruit private landowners into conservation efforts that restore and manage the habitats needed by specific species. There is one of such effort, Working Lands for Wildlife (WLFW), initiated by the Natural Resources Conservation Service in partnership with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
  • 589
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Growth of Aspergillus fumigatus in Biofilms
Biofilm formation during infections with the opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus can be very problematic in clinical settings, since it provides the fungal cells with a protective environment. Resistance against drug treatments, immune recognition as well as adaptation to the host environment allows fungal survival in the host. The exact molecular mechanisms behind most processes in the formation of biofilms are unclear. In general, the formation of biofilms can be categorized roughly in a few stages; adhesion, conidial germination and development of hyphae, biofilm maturation and cell dispersion. Fungi in biofilms can adapt to the in-host environment. These adaptations can occur on a level of phenotypic plasticity via gene regulation. However, also more substantial genetic changes of the genome can result in increased resistance and adaptation in the host, enhancing the survival chances of fungi in biofilms. Most research has focused on the development of biofilms. 
  • 589
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Probiotics in European Sea Bass Aquaculture
European sea bass production has increased. This increase is associated with an annually rising demand for sea bass, which encourages the aquaculture industries to increase their production to meet that demand. However, this intensification has repercussions on the animals, causing stress that is usually accompanied by dysbiosis, low feed-conversion rates, and immunodepression, among other factors. Therefore, the appearance of pathogenic diseases is common in these industries after immunodepression. Seeking to enhance animal welfare, researchers have focused on alternative approaches such as probiotic application. The use of probiotics in European sea bass production is presented as an ecological, safe, and viable alternative in addition to enhancing different host parameters such as growth performance, feed utilization, immunity, disease resistance, and fish survival against different pathogens through inclusion in fish diets through vectors and/or in water columns. 
  • 588
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Biopotential of Underutilized Rosaceae Inflorescences
This work aims to assess the biopotential of the young inflorescence tissues of Prunus, Malus and Chaenomeles in order to evaluate the possibility of their application in the food industry, and to provide a polyphenolic fingerprint for their quality control. The contents of different bioactive compounds and their antioxidant capacities were spectrophotometrically measured, the main phenolic compounds were identified and quantified using LC-DAD-MS, the antidiabetic potential was determined using α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays, the anti-inflammatory potential was determined using a 5-lipoxygenase inhibition assay, and the cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay. Using one-way ANOVA, principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering and Pearson’s correlation coefficient, the relations between the samples, and between the samples and the measured parameters, were revealed. In total, 77 compounds were identified. The concentration of sugars was low in M. purpurea, at 1.56 ± 0.08 mg/g DW. The most effective sample in the inhibition of antidiabetic enzymes and anti-inflammatory 5-lipoxygenase was C. japonica. The inhibition of α-glucosidase was strongly positively correlated with the total and condensed tannins, procyanidin dimers and procyanidin tetramer, and was very strongly correlated with chlorogenic acid. In α-amylase inhibition, C. japonica and P. serrulata ‘Kiku Shidare Zakura’ were equally efficient to the standard inhibitor, maltose. The most effective in the growth and proliferation inhibition of HepG2, HCT116 and HaCaT cells was P. avium. The results suggest Prunus, Malus and Chaenomeles inflorescences as functional food ingredients.
  • 587
  • 21 Jan 2022
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