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Topic Review
Major Mycotoxins in Animal Feed
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi especially those belonging to the genus Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. Mycotoxin contamination can occur in all agricultural commodities in the field and/or during storage, if conditions are favourable to fungal growth. Regarding animal feed, five mycotoxins (aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins and ochratoxin A) are covered by the EU legislation (regulation or recommendation). Transgressions of these limits are rarely observed in official monitoring programs. However, low level contamination by Fusarium toxins is very common (e.g., deoxynivalenol - DON - is typically found in more than 50% of the samples) and co-contamination is frequently observed. Multi-mycotoxin studies reported 75%–100% of the samples to contain more than one mycotoxin which could impact animal health at already low doses.
  • 646
  • 20 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Milk Production of Cows Fed with SP
Silage pulp (SP) is a byproduct from biorefinary of silage that can be used as forage source for ruminants. However, there is a lack of information regarding the complete replacement of dietary silage for SP on performance of dairy cows. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the complete substitution of dietary grass-clover silage for SP on milk production of dairy cows. Grass-clover mixture was harvested, wilted, and ensiled in bunker silos. The silage was screw pressed in a biorefinery for solid (SP) and liquid (protein-rich juice) separation. Seventy-two lactating cows were used in a completely randomized block design, receiving either the original silage- or SP-based diets. The SP-based diet had lower concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrates and crude protein but greater fibre concentration compared to the silage-based diet. Milk yield and energy corrected milk were generally greater for cows receiving the silage-based diet compared to the SP-based diet. Cows receiving the silage-based diet had a greater yields of milk protein and milk fat, and tended to have a greater yield of milk lactose than cows receiving the SP-based diet. Milk composition, body condition score and body weight were not affected by diets. The complete substitution of silage for SP reduced the lactation performance of dairy cows over time.
  • 643
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Exosomal RNAs
Exosomes are a subset of nano-sized extracellular vesicles originating from endosomes. Exosomes mediate cell-to-cell communication with their cargos, which includes mRNAs, miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs. Exosomal RNAs have cell specificity and reflect the conditions of their donor cells. Notably, their detection in biofluids can be used as a diagnostic marker for various diseases. Exosomal RNAs are ideal biomarkers because their surrounding membranes confer stability and they are detectable in almost all biofluids, which helps to reduce trauma and avoid invasive examinations. However, knowledge of exosomal biomarkers remains scarce.
  • 640
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Avian Neuropeptide Y
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one of the most abundant and ubiquitously expressed neuropeptides in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, and its regulatory effects on feed intake and appetite have been extensively studied in a wide variety of animals, including mammalian and non-mammalian species. Recent studies have shown that this neuropeptide and its receptors are expressed in various peripheral tissues; however, research investigating the distribution and function of peripherally expressed NPY in avian (non-mammalian vertebrates) species are limited.
  • 638
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
MiRNAs in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a heterogeneous disease where a specific immunologic and genetic/epigenetic background is responsible for disease manifestations and course.
  • 635
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Developmental and Physiological Regulation by Epitranscriptomic Modifications
Epitranscriptomic modifications play important roles during plant development and in various responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The major developmental processes affected by these modifications include organogenesis, embryonic and cotyledon development, seed development and seed yield, root and shoot growth, leaf morphology, trichome branching, floral transition, the proliferation of shoot apical meristem, and fruit ripening.
  • 634
  • 10 May 2022
Topic Review
Companion Animal Model of Head and Neck Carcinoma
Laboratory rodents are the most common animal models used in preclinical cancer research. Companion animals with naturally occurring cancers are an under-utilized natural model for the development of new anti-cancer drugs. Dogs and cats develop several types of cancers that resemble those arising in humans with similar clinical and histopathological features and often with similar molecular and genetic backgrounds. Exposure to environmental carcinogens, including air, food and water are also common between people and their pets. Dogs and cats are a unique model that could be integrated between the preclinical laboratory animal model and human clinical trials.
  • 631
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
PI3K/Akt/PTEN Dysregulation in Canine Tumor
PIK3CA H1047R mutation was detected in 14.3% (10/70) of tumor samples. Dysregulation of p-Akt, Akt2, and PTEN was observed in mammary tumor samples, but only PTEN dysregulation was associated with PIK3CA H1047R mutation. Conclusions: The present study showed that dysregulation of components in the PI3K/Akt/PTEN pathway is a feature of canine mammary tumors, but this dysregulation is not directly correlated to the PIK3CA H1047R mutation except for PTEN expression
  • 630
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Arginine Accumulation in Scots Pine Needles
Free arginine (Arg) content was observed to multiply when the level of nitrogen (N) nutrition was high, and additional fertilization with boron (B) potentiated this effect. Owing to this feature, conifers can be suggested for use as bioproducers of Arg. Concentrations of Arg in relation to N and B fertilization needed to be better understood.
  • 630
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Genomic Safe Harbors in Dry-Preservable Cultured Cells
Genomic safe harbors (GSHs) provide ideal integration sites for generating transgenic organisms and cells and can be of great benefit in advancing the basic and applied biology of a particular species.
  • 629
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Microtubular TRIM36 E3 Ubiquitin Ligase
TRIM36 is a microtubule-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays a role in cytoskeletal organization, and according to data gathered in different species, coordinates growth speed and stability, acting on the microtubules’ plus end, and impacting on cell cycle progression.
  • 628
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Gooty Sapphire Tarantula (Poecilotheria metallica)
The Gooty Sapphire Tarantula (Poecilotheria metallica) is a vividly blue, arboreal spider belonging to the family Theraphosidae. Endemic to a small forested region in southern India, it is renowned for its striking iridescent coloration and is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List due to its restricted range and habitat loss.
  • 628
  • 29 Oct 2025
Topic Review
SlPG49 in Solanum lycopersicum
The modification and degradation of pectin in cell walls are necessary for the fruit softening process, which involves a series of pectin-modifying enzymes. Polygalacturonases (PGs) are a major group of pectin-hydrolyzing enzymes, which participate in fruit maturation, organ shedding, pollen development, and other processes by catalyzing the degradation of polygalacturonic acid. However, their function in plants has not yet been fully elucidated. In this paper, a full-length cDNA encoding SlPG49 was cloned from a tomato. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that SlPG49 contains four typical conserved domains and belongs to clade E in PG classification. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that SlPG49 was highly expressed in fruits during the softening stage, indicating that SlPG49 may be involved in fruit softening. Subcellular localization results revealed that SlPG49 was located in the cell membrane and the cell wall. In addition, an in vitro enzymatic activity assay confirmed that SlPG49 does have the ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of polygalacturonic acid. These results indicate that SlPG49 is a newly discovered PG gene involved in tomato fruit softening, and provide an experimental basis for elucidating the biological functions of plant PGs during fruit softening. 
  • 627
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
MiRNA as Regulator in Malaria Host-Parasite Interaction
Malaria is a severe life-threatening disease caused by the bites of parasite-infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It remains a significant problem for the most vulnerable children and women. Research has helped establish the relationship between microRNAs (miRNAs) and many other diseases. MiRNAs are the class of small non-coding RNAs consisting of 18–23 nucleotides in length that are evolutionarily conserved and regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level and play a significant role in various molecular mechanisms such as cell survival, cell proliferation, and differentiation. MiRNAs can help detect malaria infection as the malaria parasite could alter the miRNA expression of the host. These alterations can be diagnosed by the molecular diagnostic tool that can indicate disease.
  • 627
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Shoulder Lesions' Influence on Sow Behavior
Some sows are known to develop shoulder lesions after giving birth, yet the pattern of development and healing as well as the welfare implications of these lesions is not well-understood. This study found that the size of the lesion when first noticed was related to the duration that the lesion was present and to the maximum size of the lesion before healing. This information has the potential to help guide the treatment of these animals and reduce the severity of their lesions. We monitored these sows throughout lactation and during gestation and found that the only significant behavioral difference between the sows that did and did not have lesions was that the sows without lesions were more likely to change their posture more frequently. We believe this means that more frequent posture changes may have a protective effect against lesion development. Together, the results of this study have added to our understanding of how long it takes these lesions to heal and reveal insight into the lack of behavioral alterations in sows with such lesions. 
  • 626
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Growth of Aspergillus fumigatus in Biofilms
Biofilm formation during infections with the opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus can be very problematic in clinical settings, since it provides the fungal cells with a protective environment. Resistance against drug treatments, immune recognition as well as adaptation to the host environment allows fungal survival in the host. The exact molecular mechanisms behind most processes in the formation of biofilms are unclear. In general, the formation of biofilms can be categorized roughly in a few stages; adhesion, conidial germination and development of hyphae, biofilm maturation and cell dispersion. Fungi in biofilms can adapt to the in-host environment. These adaptations can occur on a level of phenotypic plasticity via gene regulation. However, also more substantial genetic changes of the genome can result in increased resistance and adaptation in the host, enhancing the survival chances of fungi in biofilms. Most research has focused on the development of biofilms. 
  • 625
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Bacterial Communities in the Embryo of Maize Landraces
Locally adapted maize accessions (landraces) represent an untapped resource of nutritional and resistance traits for breeding, including the shaping of distinct microbiota.
  • 621
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Lipid Metabolism and Improvement in Oilseed Crops
Oilseed crops are rich in plant lipids that not only provide essential fatty acids for the human diet but also play important roles as major sources of biofuels and indispensable raw materials for the chemical industry. The regulation of lipid metabolism genes is a major factor affecting oil production.
  • 620
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Antibiotic Therapies and Calves’ Gastrointestinal Microbiota
The main components of calves’ GIM are Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae (40%) (Firmicutes phylum), and Bacteroidaceae (15%) (Bacteroides phylum), followed by Enterobacterales (25%) (Proteobacteria phylum), which decreases during GIM maturation (5%), whereas Prevotellaceae increases (20%) (Bacteroidetes phylum). The composition of feedcolostrum and GIM in neonate calves is similar, and GIM’s evolution occurs rapidly during the first 10 weeks of life. Amounts of ARGs were found higher in calves than in adult animals reared in the same environment. Living conditions, such as wet soil and the number of cattle residing in the farm (>500), were risk factors for colonization with cefotaxime (third generation cephalosporin, GC) resistant bacteria. A decrease of Enterobacterales during the first weeks of life has been associated with a general decrease in ARGs abundance in calves, with breed influencing the abundance of certain ARGs and ampC gene (copy number).
  • 619
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Biocides and/or Metals in Co-Selecting Antimicrobial-Resistance in Food-Animal-Production
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a complex issue driven by a variety of interconnected factors enabling microorganisms to withstand the killing or static effects of antimicrobial agents, such as antibiotics, antifungals, disinfectants, and preservatives. The widespread use of antimicrobial agents in all contexts is known to result in selection for AMR in microorganisms. There is also evidence that biocidal agents and/or metals may, in some contexts, co-select for AMR in microorganisms. Intensive food animal production plays an important role in the development and spread of AMR and is one of many routes by which consumers can be exposed to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. There is concern that the use of biocides (disinfectants and sanitisers) and certain metals (used in animal feed and for other uses) in food animal production could lead to the development and spread of AMR within the food chain. 
  • 619
  • 01 Nov 2023
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