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Topic Review
Anatomy of Pelvic Autonomic Nerve System
The pelvic autonomic nerve system is a complex network divided into three parts—the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems. The enteric nervous system controls the functions of the gastrointestinal tract and is not associated with the autonomic innervation of the pelvis. Therefore, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve plexuses innervate the pelvic viscera. The superior hypogastric plexus (SHP), sympathetic trunk, hypogastric nerves (HNs), and most parts of the inferior hypogastric plexus (IHP) contribute to the sympathetic system of the pelvis.
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Physician Burnout: Historical Context, Psychosomatic Division, Evolution, Results, Solutions, and Recommendations
Physician burnout is a psychosomatic syndrome that arises from feeling overwhelmed with confronting issues in those with dedication or commitment to their job. It presents with emotional, mental, and physical fatigue that negatively influences patient treatment decisions and care, representing a primary occupational hazard affecting a significant number of these healthcare providers at some point in their career such that there is an urgency to the need for improvement.
  • 1.8K
  • 06 Jun 2025
Topic Review
TNAP in Central Nervous System
Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is an ectoenzyme bound to the plasma membranes of numerous cells via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) moiety. TNAP is one of many proteins localized to Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), and is highly abundant in human and rodent cerebral microvessels [33]. There are four alkaline phosphatase (AP) isoenzymes in humans and they include: TNAP, germ cell alkaline phosphatase (GCAP), intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP), and placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP). Although TNAP is ubiquitous in many tissue, it is most highly expressed in bone, liver, intestine, kidney, and brain, while the three other AP isoenzymes are expressed in the tissues for which they are named. TNAP is also highly expressed in cerebral microvessels.
  • 1.8K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Mechanistic Organic Photochemistry
Some chemical reactions take place by the action of light. These are called, "photochemical reactions", or "photolysis". Mechanistic organic photochemistry is the aspect of organic photochemistry which seeks to explain the mechanisms of organic photochemical reactions. The absorption of ultraviolet light by organic molecules often leads to reactions. In the earliest days, sunlight was employed, while in more modern times ultraviolet lamps are employed. Organic photochemistry has proven to be a very useful synthetic tool. Complex organic products can be obtained simply. Over the last century and earlier an immense number of photochemical reactions have been uncovered. In modern times the field is quite well understood and is used in organic synthesis and industrially. The utility of organic photochemistry has arisen only by virtue of the available mechanistic treatment; reactions which appear unlikely in ground-state understanding become understandable and accessible in terms of electronic excited-state consideration.
  • 1.8K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Ethnic Differences in Vitamin-D Metabolism
Vitamin D requirements vary from one human population to another. This is because the capacity to synthesize vitamin D in the skin also varies as a result of differences in solar UV or skin pigmentation. There has consequently been natural selection to use this vitamin more efficiently in populations that live at higher latitudes or are darker-skinned.
  • 1.8K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Krill Oil
Krill (Euphausia superba) is a small marine crustacean from the Antarctic Ocean that plays an important role in the marine ecosystem, serving as feed for most fish. It is a known source of highly bioavailable omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid). In preclinical studies, krill oil showed metabolic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and chemo preventive effects, while in clinical trials it showed significant metabolic, vascular and ergogenic actions. Solvent extraction is the most conventional method to obtain krill oil. However, different solvents must be used to extract all lipids from krill because of the diversity of the polarities of the lipid compounds in the biomass.
  • 1.8K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Coatings Empowering Antiviral/Viricidal Properties
In the surge of the current, alarming scenario of SARS-CoV-2 infections, there is a immediate necessity for developing highly-innovative antiviral agents to work against the viruses with a broad spectrum of antiviral activity. Here-in, science-based methods, mechanisms, and procedures are implemented in obtaining resultant antiviral coated substrates, used in the destruction of the strains of the different viruses are presented. we pay particular attention to recent examples from the materials science and engineering field that highlight how some classes of antiviral drug candidates, such as polymeric materials, metal ions/metal oxides and functional nanomaterials result in acting against the viral spread. Based on the available literature and data, we also disclose some of the strategies for development of a universal and reusable virus deactivation system against the emerging COVID-19.
  • 1.8K
  • 25 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Antibiotics in Poultry Production
The utilization of antibiotics in feed has been reevaluated since bacterial pathogens have established and shared a variety of antibiotic resistance mechanisms that can easily be spread within microbial communities. Multiple countries have introduced bans or severe restrictions on the non-therapeutic use of antibiotics. Since the use of antibiotics may have a positive influence on poultry performance, excessive use as growth promoters harms human health. This has therefore warranted the urgent need for alternatives.
  • 1.8K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cardiac Connexins
Connexins are a family of transmembrane proteins that play a key role in cardiac physiology. Gap junctional channels put into contact the cytoplasms of connected cardiomyocytes, allowing the existence of electrical coupling. However, in addition to this fundamental role, connexins are also involved in cardiomyocyte death and survival. Thus, chemical coupling through gap junctions plays a key role in the spreading of injury between connected cells. Moreover, in addition to their involvement in cell-to-cell communication, mounting evidence indicates that connexins have additional gap junction-independent functions. Opening of unopposed hemichannels, located at the lateral surface of cardiomyocytes, may compromise cell homeostasis and may be involved in ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, connexins located at non-canonical cell structures, including mitochondria and the nucleus, have been demonstrated to be involved in cardioprotection and in regulation of cell growth and differentiation.
  • 1.8K
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
Global Plastic Waste is Increasing
Global plastic waste is increasing rapidly. In general, densely populated regions generate tons of plastic waste daily, which is sometimes disposed of on land or diverged to sea. Most of the plastics created in the form of waste have complex degradation behavior and are non-biodegradable by nature. These remain intact in the environment for a long time span and potentially originate complications within terrestrial and marine life ecosystems. The strategic management of plastic waste and recycling can preserve environmental species and associated costs. 
  • 1.8K
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Multiracial Microaggression Taxonomy
Substantial scholarship elucidates the prevalence of racial microaggressions in everyday interactions. Racial microaggressions are defined as “brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults toward people of color” . Other scholars highlight how racial microaggressions interact with identity characteristics beyond race. For example, they can be “layered assaults, based on race and its intersections with gender, class, sexuality, language, immigration status, phenotype, accent or surname” . Furthermore, microaggressions are chronic stressors that affect the holistic health of people of color with the potential to trigger the development of psychological and physiological health issues. The literature available on multiracial microaggressions and examines how Black-Asian groups in particular are impacted in detail. 
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Antibiotic Hybrids
An emerging strategy in the fight against antimicrobial resistance is the development of antibiotic hybrids. The term “hybrid” suggests a two-component molecule with biological activity that retains the activity of the individual components after hybridization, acting synergistically. For example, hybrid drugs that incorporate two active compounds into a single molecule could be used to expand the biological activity and prevent the development of bacterial resistance.
  • 1.8K
  • 22 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Micronutrients and Athletic Performance
To examine the effects of micronutrient intake on athletic performance and (ii) to determine the specific micronutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, that offer the most significant enhancements in terms of athletic performance, with the goal of providing guidance to athletes and coaches in optimizing their nutritional strategies.
  • 1.8K
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Lithium Production and Recovery Methods
The first step of hydrometallurgical treatment is leaching, which is an effective method capable of transferring over 99% of the present metals to the leach solutions. Extraction of metals after leaching can be conducted using various methods, with precipitation being the most commonly used. The precipitation of other metals can result in the co-precipitation of lithium, causing total lithium losses up to 30%. To prevent such losses, solvent extraction methods are used to selectively remove elements, such as Co, Ni, Al, and Mn. Solvent extraction (SX) is highly effective, reducing the losses to 3% per extraction stage and reducing overall lithium losses to 15%. After the refining, lithium is precipitated as lithium carbonate. High lithium carbonate solubility (1.5 g/L) and high liquid to solid leaching ratios require costly and avoidable operations to be implemented in order to enhance lithium concentration. Therefore, it is suggested that more studies should focus on multistage leaching with lower L/S ratios.
  • 1.8K
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Yajnavalkya's 95 Years Cycle of Synchronisation
Yajnavalkya's 95 Years Cycle of Synchronisation is the model proposed by the great Indian philosopher Yajnavalkya which explains the mathematical concept of the synchronisation of the motions of the Sun and the Moon. Yajnavalkya invented the 95 years of the periodic cycle, when the solar and lunar motions get synchronised. This 95 years of the periodic cycle is also known as Yajnavalkya Cycle. 
  • 1.8K
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Endocrine Therapy Resistance
Hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative breast cancer is the most common breast cancer subtype, and endocrine therapy (ET) remains its therapeutic backbone. Although anti-estrogen therapies are usually effective initially, approximately 50% of HR+ patients develop resistance to ET within their lifetime, ultimately leading to disease recurrence and limited clinical benefit. The recent addition of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and CDK6 inhibitors (palbociclib, ribociclib, abemaciclib) to ET have remarkably improved the outcome of patients with HR+ advanced breast cancer (ABC) compared with anti-estrogens alone, by targeting the cell-cycle machinery and overcoming some aspects of endocrine resistance.
  • 1.8K
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
From the Fjord to the Prairie
Peter Brian Hegseth, born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on June 6, 1980, has carved a prominent space in the American public square as a television host, military veteran, and influential conservative voice. His identity is inextricably linked to Minnesota, a state whose cultural and political landscape has been profoundly shaped by the vast waves of Scandinavian immigrants who settled its prairies and built its towns in the 19th and early 20th centuries. To understand the man is to understand the journey of his people—a journey not just of miles, but of centuries, cultures, and convictions.
  • 1.8K
  • 09 Sep 2025
Topic Review
Potentiometry and Ion-Selective Electrodes
Potentiometry is a highly selective and relatively cheap method that allows achieving low detection limits and a very wide dynamic range of sensors (up to eight orders of units). The principle of the method is to measure the electromotive force (EMF) of a cell made of two types of electrodes: a reference electrode whose potential has to necessarily be constant regardless of the composition and concentration of the sample, and an indicator (working) electrode whose potential changes depending on the activity of the main ion present in the sample solution to which the ion-selective membrane is sensitive.
  • 1.8K
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Neuroendocrine lung cancer mouse models
Neuroendocrine lung tumors comprise a range of malignancies that extend from benign tumorlets to the most prevalent and aggressive Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (SCLC). They also include low-grade Typical Carcinoids (TC), intermediate-grade Atypical Carcinoids (AC) and high-grade Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (LCNEC). Optimal treatment options have not been adequately established: surgical resection when possible is the choice for AC and TC, and for SCLC chemotherapy and very recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors.Some mouse models have been generated based on the molecular alterations identified in genomic analyses of human tumors. With the exception of SCLC, there is a limited availability of (preclinical) models making their development an unmet need for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these diseases.
  • 1.8K
  • 17 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Sterilization in Endodontic Instruments
Sterilization processes guarantee the sterility of dental instruments but can negatively affect instrument features by altering their physical and mechanical properties. The endodontic instrumentation can undergo a series of alterations, ranging from corrosion to variation in the cutting angle and then changes in the torsional properties and torsional fatigue resistance.
  • 1.8K
  • 06 Apr 2021
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