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Topic Review
MIRRI-IT: Italian Culture Collections
Microorganisms represent most of the biodiversity of living organisms in every ecological habitat. They have profound effects on the functioning of any ecosystem and, therefore, on the health of our planet and of human beings. Moreover, microorganisms are the main protagonists in food, medical and biotech industries, and have several environmental applications.Accordingly, the characterization and preservation of microbial biodiversity are essential not only for the maintenance of natural ecosystems but also for research purposes and biotechnological exploitation. In this context, culture collections (CCs) and microbial biological resource centres (mBRCs) are crucial for the safeguarding and circulation of biological resources, as well as for the progress of life sciences.
  • 1.8K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Concrete Incorporated with Recycled HDPE
Incorporating recycled plastic waste in concrete manufacturing is one of the most ecologically and economically sustainable solutions for the rapid trends of annual plastic disposal and natural resource depletion worldwide. This paper comprehensively reviews the literature on engineering performance of recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) incorporated in concrete in the forms of aggregates or fiber or cementitious material. Optimum 28-days’ compressive and flexural strength of HDPE fine aggregate concrete is observed at HDPE-10 and splitting tensile strength at HDPE-5 whereas for HDPE coarse aggregate concrete, within the range of 10% to 15% of HDPE incorporation and at HDPE-15, respectively. Similarly, 28-days’ flexural and splitting tensile strength of HDPE fiber reinforced concrete is increased to an optimum of 4.9 MPa at HDPE-3 and 4.4 MPa at HDPE-3.5, respectively, and higher than the standard/plain concrete matrix (HDPE-0) in all HDPE inclusion levels. Hydrophobicity, smooth surface texture and non-reactivity of HDPE has resulted in weaker bonds between concrete matrix and HDPE and thereby reducing both mechanical and durability performances of HDPE concrete with the increase of HDPE.
  • 1.8K
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
News Feed
News Feed is a feature of the social network Facebook. The web feed is the primary system through which users are exposed to content posted on the network. News Feed highlights information that includes profile changes, upcoming events, and birthdays, among other updates. Using a proprietary method, Facebook selects a handful of updates to show users every time they visit their feed, out of an average of 2,000 updates they can potentially receive. Over two billion people use Facebook every month, making the network's News Feed the most viewed and most influential aspect of the news industry.
  • 1.8K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Fundamentals of Precision Agriculture
Precision agriculture or precision farming is the targeted application of crop input according to the locally determined crop needs. Therefore, it is the geo-referenced application of crop inputs, whose rates should be those required by the crop. The most essential points of information about the topic being described are: overview; brief history of precision agriculture; theoretical basics of precision agriculture; precision agriculture cycle; geo-referenced measurement of within-field parameters; analysis and interpretation of geo-referenced data for mapping within-field parameters; spatially variable rate application of crop inputs; instruments for precision agriculture; current scenario of precision agriculture; current scenario of precision viticulture; Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and differential correction technique; proximal sensors of within-field soil and crop parameters; remote sensing from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and satellites; devices for setting up and controlling spatially variable rate crop input application; assisted guidance systems of agricultural machines; perspectives of precision agriculture.
  • 1.8K
  • 04 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Guard Rail
Guard rail, guardrails — or railings around properties and more generally outside of North America in some uses overlaps the industrial term "guide rail". They are a boundary feature and may be a means to prevent or deter access to dangerous or off-limits areas while allowing light and visibility in a greater way than a fence. Common shapes are flat, rounded edge, and tubular in horizontal railings, whereas tetraform spear-headed or ball-finialled are most common in vertical railings around homes. Park and garden railings commonly in metalworking feature swirls, leaves, plate metal areas and/or motifs particularly on and beside gates. High security railings (particularly if in flat metal then a type of palisade) may instead feature jagged points and most metals are well-suited to anti-climb paint. A handrail is less restrictive on its own than a guard rail and provides support.
  • 1.8K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Image Classification
Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) is a transfer learning technique utilized in deep learning. UDA aims to reduce the distribution gap between labeled source and unlabeled target domains by adapting a model through fine-tuning. To reduce the domain divergence between the source and target domain, there are mainly two main types of UDA methods that have gained significant attention: discrepancy-based UDA methods and adversarial-based UDA methods.
  • 1.8K
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review
Water-Saving Technologies for Rice Production
In the face of the negative impacts of climate change and the accelerated growth of the global population, precision irrigation is important to conserve water resources, improve rice productivity and promote overall efficient rice cultivation, as rice is a rather water-intensive crop than other crops. Water-saving technologies for rice cultivation are varied and can be classified into three groups: water-saving irrigation systems; water-saving irrigation methods and water-saving agronomic practices.
  • 1.8K
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Serrated Pathway in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. It includes different subtypes that differ in their clinical and prognostic features. In the past decade, in addition to the conventional adenoma-carcinoma model, an alternative multistep mechanism of carcinogenesis, namely the “serrated pathway”, has been described. Approximately, 15 to 30% of all CRCs arise from neoplastic serrated polyps, a heterogeneous group of lesions that are histologically classified into three morphologic categories: hyperplastic polyps, sessile serrated adenomas/polyps, and the traditional serrated adenomas/polyps. Serrated polyps are characterized by genetic (BRAF or KRAS mutations) and epigenetic (CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)) alterations that cooperate to initiate and drive malignant transformation from normal colon mucosa to polyps, and then to CRC. The high heterogeneity of the serrated lesions renders their diagnostic and pathological interpretation difficult. 
  • 1.8K
  • 10 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Medical Case-Based Multiple-Choice Questions
Moving from old-style multiple-choice questions (MCQs) to ones that are more related to real clinical situations is really important. It helps in growing critical thinking and practical use, especially since MCQs are still the primary method for testing knowledge in medicine.
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Nematode Identification Techniques
Nematodes are among the most diverse but least studied organisms. Classic morphology-based identification is often insufficient for nematode identification, mainly due to the lack of sufficient variations among closely related species. Various molecular methods are used to supplement and/or circumvent these problems. These methods range from DNA fingerprinting to sequence analyses of DNA- and/or protein-based information. Computational image analyses have also contributed towards improved nematode identification and classification. Each of these methods have unique benefits, and potential issues, usually depending on the goal and circumstance of identification. However, together, these methods have aided nematode identification and increase our understanding of nematode diversity and phylogeny. 
  • 1.8K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Alymphoid Cystic Thymic Dysgenesis
T-cell immunodeficiency, congenital alopecia, and nail dystrophy is a type of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), which is a group of disorders characterized by an almost total lack of immune protection from foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses. People with this form of SCID are missing functional immune cells called T cells, which normally recognize and attack foreign invaders to prevent infection. Without functional T cells, affected individuals develop repeated and persistent infections starting early in life. The infections result in slow growth and can be life-threatening; without effective treatment, most affected individuals live only into infancy or early childhood.
  • 1.8K
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Appendage Regeneration in Vertebrates
Appendage regeneration in vertebrates means the ability to regenerate amputated or injured tissues and organs, which is a fascinating property shared by several invertebrates and, interestingly, some vertebrates.
  • 1.8K
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cyrcadian Rhythm, Mood, and Temporal Patterns of Chocolate
Taking small amounts of chocolate, in the morning at breakfast at the onset of the active phase, helps speed up resynchronization time. The high flavonoid contents in chocolate promote cardioprotection, metabolic regulation, neuroprotection, and neuromodulation with direct actions on brain function, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and mood. Cocoa products and especially chocolate are foodstuffs originating from South America. Cocoa is obtained from the seeds of the Theobroma cacao tree, which are then dried, shelled, fermented, and ground with other substances such as sugar, fat, and other flavorings to produce the wide variety of chocolate available on the market, from dark to milk variations.
  • 1.8K
  • 10 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Dinheirosaurus
Dinheirosaurus is a genus of diplodocid sauropod dinosaur that is known from fossils uncovered in modern-day Portugal. It may represent a species of Supersaurus. The only species is Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis, first described by José Bonaparte and Octávio Mateus in 1999 for vertebrae and some other material from the Lourinhã Formation. Although the precise age of the formation is not known, it can be dated around the early Tithonian of the Late Jurassic. The known material includes two cervical vertebrae, nine dorsal vertebrae, a few ribs, a fragment of a pubis, and many gastroliths. Of the material, only the vertebrae are diagnostic, with the ribs and pubis being too fragmentary or general to distinguish Dinheirosaurus. This material was first described as in the genus Lourinhasaurus, but differences were noticed and in 1999 Bonaparte and Mateus redescribed the material under the new binomial Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis. Another specimen, ML 418, thought to be Dinheirosaurus, is now known to be from another Portuguese diplodocid. This means that Dinheirosaurus lived alongside many theropods, sauropods, thyreophorans and ornithopods, as well as at least one other diplodocid. Dinheirosaurus is a diplodocid, a relative of Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, Barosaurus, Supersaurus, and Tornieria. Among those, the closest relative to Dinheirosaurus is Supersaurus.
  • 1.8K
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
List of Fossil Pinnipeds
Pinnipeds are marine mammals that evolved from arctoid carnivorans that includes seals, eared seals, and walruses. There are 34 recent species of pinnipeds and 102 species of fossil pinnipeds and their stem-relatives (Pinnipedimorpha). Scientists still debate on which lineage of arctoid carnviroans are the closest relatives to the pinnipedimorphs, being either more closely related to bears or to musteloids. Two stem-pinniped families found outside of Pinnipedimorpha, Amphicynodontidae and Semantoridae, were in the past considered to be subfamilies of Ursidae and Mustelidae respectively. In comparison to the two other major groups or marine or sea mammals, cetaceans and sirenians, pinnipeds are a relatively younger group having appeared about 24 to 38 million years ago and are still able to return on land to breed. The list of fossil taxa is based on mostly the historiographical data from Valenzuela-Toro and Pyenson (2019). The two stem-pinniped arctoid families Amphicynodontidae and Semantoridae are included here as well, although neither family are members of Pinnipedimorpha. The list does not include the recently extinct Caribbean monk seal (Neomonachus tropicalis) and the Japanese sea lion (Zalophus japonicus), as they became extinct within the last two centuries.
  • 1.8K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Application of Iron Nanoparticle-Based Materials in Food Production
Due to their different properties compared to other materials, nanoparticles of iron and iron oxides are increasingly used in the food industry. Food technologists have especially paid attention to their ease of separation by magnetic fields and biocompatibility. Compared to other metallic NPs, iron nanoparticles are widely used. This is determined by such properties as their small size, superparamagnetism and biocompatibility. Iron nanoparticles are used in bioprocessing, tissue engineering and other aspects of modern medicine. There are different oxide forms of iron, such as hematite (α-Fe2O3), maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), FeOH (OH) goethite and magnetite (Fe3O4). The most commonly used crystalline iron oxide structures are maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4). They are used in many fields, including magnetic data storage, pigment production for electrochemistry, contrast production and many others. 
  • 1.8K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Caelum
Caelum, recognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), is a faint and small constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere. It was introduced by the French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in the 18th century, representing a chisel, part of the sculptor's tools, in his constellation sketches.
  • 1.8K
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Chemical Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticide in Agricultural Soils
Soil constitutes the central environmental compartment that, primarily due to anthropogenic activities, is the recipient of several contaminants. Among these are organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), which are of major concern, even though they were banned decades ago due to their persistence and the health effects they can elicit. A plethora of methods have been developed and applied for OCP analysis in environmental matrices (i.e., soil and sediment). The entire chemical analysis involves several crucial stages such as sample preparation and analyte chromatographic separation, including detection, quantification, and data analysis. Among them, the sample preparation step is considered as the most critical point to be made prior to instrumental analysis. In particular, the development of methodologies for determining pesticides in soil is a challenging task. As a result of the complexity and the physicochemical characteristics of such types of samples, two main factors should be considered: (a) the extremely low concentration of banned OCPs in soil samples. This is the reason why extremely sensitive analytical methods (including, in many cases, enrichment techniques) are required for the detection and quantification of these analytes at such levels, and (b) the strong binding of OCPs to soil.
  • 1.8K
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Methods Used for the Degradation of Food Dyes
Dyes are widely used in various industries, including food, textile, pharmaceutics and cosmetic industries for the addition of color to products to make them more attractive for customers.
  • 1.8K
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Common Genet
The Common Genet, also known as Genetta genetta, is a small carnivorous mammal native to Europe and parts of North Africa. Recognizable by its slender body, long tail, and distinctive facial markings, the Common Genet is a nocturnal hunter, preying on small mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects. Despite its name, the Common Genet is not closely related to cats but belongs to the family Viverridae, making it a unique and intriguing member of the carnivore community.
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Mar 2024
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