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Topic Review
Ripeness Estimation in Viticulture Automation
Ripeness estimation of fruits and vegetables is a key factor for the optimization of field management and the harvesting of the desired product quality. Typical ripeness estimation involves multiple manual samplings before harvest followed by chemical analyses. Machine vision has paved the way for agricultural automation by introducing quicker, cost-effective, and non-destructive methods.
  • 673
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Treatment for Itch in Atopic Dermatitis
This entry briefly describes the recent drugs for the treatment of atopic itch.
  • 672
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Soil by Grazing Sport Horses
Soil ingestion has been well documented for the majority of outside reared animals but not in horses. As soil can be a vector of environmental pollutants, such studies generally aim at controlling exposure to pollutant uptake in food producing animals.
  • 670
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Microplastic Studies in Aquatic Environments
Microplastic pollution is no longer neglected worldwide, as recent studies have unveiled its potential harm to ecosystems and, even worse, to human health. Numerous studies have documented the ubiquity of microplastics, reflecting the necessity of formulating corresponding policies to mitigate the accumulation of microplastics in natural environments.
  • 669
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Organellar Evolution
Eukaryotic organelles supposedly evolved from their bacterial ancestors because of their benefits to host cells. However, organelles are quite often retained, even when the beneficial metabolic pathway is lost, due to something other than the original beneficial function. The organellar function essential for cell survival is, in the end, the result of organellar evolution, particularly losses of redundant metabolic pathways present in both the host and endosymbiont, followed by a gradual distribution of metabolic functions between the organelle and host.
  • 668
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Toxigenic Molds in Ripened Foods and Biocontrol Strategies
Ripened foods of animal origin comprise meat products and dairy products, being transformed by the wild microbiota which populates the raw materials, generating highly appreciated products over the world. Together with this beneficial microbiota, toxigenic molds such as Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp., can contaminate these products and pose a risk for the consumers. Thus, effective strategies to hamper these hazards are required. Additionally, consumer demand for clean label products is increasing. Therefore, the manufacturing sector is seeking new efficient, natural, low-environmental impact and easy to apply strategies to counteract these microorganisms.
  • 668
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Prebiotic Supplements' Effect on Gastrointestinal Microbiota of Pigs
A prebiotic is a substrate selectively utilized by host microorganisms and conferring a benefit to the host. Prebiotics offer a therapeutic strategy in order to alter the composition of the microbiota, enhancing the proliferation of beneficial microbes and production of host-health-promoting metabolites, which can subsequently limit the proliferation of potentially harmful microbes. There is currently a broad range of different prebiotic classes. These vary in structure and composition and subsequently in the effects exerted on the microbiota. 
  • 667
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Okadaic Acid Depuration from the Cockle Cerastoderma edule
The cockle Cerastoderma edule is a commercially important species in many European Countries. It can accumulate okadaic acid (OA) and other toxins in its group, which makes it unsuitable for human consumption, producing harvesting bans to avoid intoxications. The duration of those bans depends in part on the depuration kinetics of the toxin in this species. In this work, this kinetics was studied by means of fitting different models to depuration data experimentally obtained, using naturally contaminated cockles. Cockles depurated OA faster than most other bivalve species studied. Models that include Michaelis-Menten kinetics describe the depuration better than those using a first order exponential decrease to describe the first (or the only) compartment. One-compartment models were not able to describe the final part of the depuration curve, in which OA was depurated very slowly. Therefore, two-compartment models were needed. Esters were depurated at a much faster rate than the free form of the toxin; however, no significant esterification was detected during the process. The slow depuration rate suggests that other bivalve species could be used as sentinels to monitor cockle populations, but caution should be taken when toxin concentrations are very high. 
  • 666
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Feasibility of Bacteriophages in Substituting Antibiotics in Livestock
Bacteriophages, a class of viruses that exclusively infect bacteria, share a prolonged evolutionary history with their hosts. There are three life cycle modes including lytic, lysogenic, and chronic infection for bacteriophages. Bacteriophages possess a plethora of applications and potential in human bacterial diseases and enteropathogenic diseases of livestock and poultry, specifically in the direction of antibiotic substitution, which exhibits tremendous potential for practical applications.
  • 666
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Enrichment for Laboratory Zebrafish
Enrichment is accepted as an essential requirement for meeting the behavioural needs and improving the welfare of many laboratory animal species, but in general, provision for zebrafish is minimal.
  • 664
  • 26 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Flavor Compound Hexanal Content in Chinese Native Chickens
The role of hexanal in flavor as an indicator of the degree of oxidation of meat products is undeniable. However, the genes and pathways of hexanal formation have not been characterized in detail.
  • 664
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Floral Volatile Terpenoids
Floral volatile terpenoids (FVTs) belong to a group of volatile organic compounds (VOC) that play important roles in attracting pollinators, defending against pathogens and parasites and serving as signals associated with biotic and abiotic stress responses. Although research on FVTs has been increasing, a systematic generalization is lacking. Among flowering plants used mainly for ornamental purposes, a systematic study on the production of FVTs in flowers with characteristic aromas is still limited.
  • 663
  • 26 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Virus Mutations and SARS-CoV-2
The COVID-19 virus strains were named after Greek alphabetical letters, and the designation is based on the positions and number of mutations. There are some disagreements regarding mutations belonging to specific strain groups, probably because different mutations evolved and spread further on different continents and states.
  • 663
  • 30 Jan 2022
Topic Review
SiMYB19
SiMYB19 is tentatively localized to the nucleus and activates transcription. It enhances salt tolerance in transgenic rice at the germination and seedling stages. SiMYB19 overexpression increased shoot height, grain yield, and salt tolerance in field- and salt pond-grown transgenic rice. SiMYB19 overexpression promotes abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation in transgenic rice and upregulates the ABA synthesis gene OsNCED3 and the ABA signal transduction pathway-related genes OsPK1 and OsABF2.
  • 662
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Circular RNAs in Mammalian Ovaries
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are an abundant class of endogenous non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) generated from exonic, intronic, or untranslated regions of protein-coding genes or intergenic regions. The diverse, stable, and specific expression patterns of circRNAs and their possible functions through cis/trans regulation and protein-coding mechanisms make circRNA a research hotspot in various biological and pathological processes. It also shows practical value as biomarkers, diagnostic indicators, and therapeutic targets. 
  • 662
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Long-Read Sequencing in Clinical Bacterial Studies
The powerful combination of genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis has played a crucial role in interpreting information encoded in bacterial genomes. High-throughput sequencing technologies have paved the way towards understanding an increasingly wide range of biological questions. This revolution has enabled advances in areas ranging from genome composition to how proteins interact with nucleic acids. This has created unprecedented opportunities through the integration of genomic data into clinics for the diagnosis of genetic traits associated with disease.  Long-read sequencing has overcome previous limitations in terms of accuracy, thus expanding its applications in genomics, transcriptomics and metagenomics.
  • 661
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
Antibodies are now a versatile tool for diagnostics and therapy of various conditions in humans and hyperimmune sera can be replaced by specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). mAbs have been known since the 1970s. Numerous mAbs have been developed against SARS-CoV 2 and have proven their effectiveness, especially in the management of the mild-to-moderate disease. 
  • 659
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Injury Identification during Turkey Husbandry
Injurious pecking against conspecifics is a serious problem in turkey husbandry. Bloody injuries act as a trigger mechanism to induce further pecking, and timely detection and intervention can prevent massive animal welfare impairments and costly losses. Thus, the overarching aim is to develop a camera-based system to monitor the flock and detect injuries using neural networks. In a preliminary study, images of turkeys were annotated by labelling potential injuries. These were used to train a network for injury detection.
  • 659
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Beef-on-Dairy at the Animal Level
The decline in farm revenue due to volatile milk prices has led to an increase in the use of beef semen in dairy herds. While this strategy (“Beef-on-dairy” (BoD)) can have economic benefits, it can also lead to unintended consequences affecting animal welfare. Semen sale trends from breeding organizations depict increasing sales of beef semen across the globe. Calves born from such breeding strategies can perform better when compared to purebred dairy calves, especially in terms of meat quality and growth traits. The Beef-on-dairy strategy can lead to unintentional negative impacts including an increase in gestation length, and increased dystocia and stillbirth rates. Studies in this regard have found the highest gestation length for Limousin crossbred calves followed by calves from the Angus breed.
  • 657
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Hemp for Dairy Ruminants
Recently, hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.) was rediscovery as a plant that offers a wide variety of applications (textile, pharmaceuticals, construction, etc.), including also the use in animal and human nutrition.  The inclusion of whole seeds and co-products obtained by processing of seeds (cake, meal, and oil) in the diets of farm animals can allow the transfer of bioactive substances to human food. The protein content, amino acids profile, and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) of hempseed and co-products of hemp appear interesting and suitable for ruminant nutrition.
  • 656
  • 30 Mar 2021
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