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Topic Review
Panax ginseng CYP703
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) catalyzes a wide variety of monooxygenation reactions in plant primary and secondary metabolisms. Land plants contain CYP703, belonging to the CYP71 clan, which catalyzes the biochemical pathway of fatty acid hydroxylation, especially in male reproductive tissues. Korean/Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) has been regarded as one of important medicinal plant for a long time, however the molecular mechanism is less known on its development.
  • 694
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Androgen Receptor as Biomarker in Breast Cancer
Biomarkers can be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction in targeted therapy. The estrogen receptor α (ERα) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) are standard biomarkers used in breast cancer for guiding disease treatment. The androgen receptor (AR), a nuclear hormone receptor, contributes to the development and progression of prostate tumors and other cancers. With increasing evidence to support that AR plays an essential role in breast cancer, AR has been considered a useful biomarker in breast cancer, depending on the context of breast cancer sub-types. The existing survival analyses suggest that AR acts as a tumor suppressor in ER + ve breast cancers, serving as a favorable prognostic marker. However, AR functions as a tumor promoter in ER-ve breast cancers, including HER2 + ve and triple-negative (TNBC) breast cancers, serving as a poor prognostic factor. AR has also been shown to be predictive of the potential of response to adjuvant hormonal therapy in ER + ve breast cancers and to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in TNBC.  All contents are adapted from You, C.-P.; Leung, M.-H.; Tsang, W.-C.; Khoo, U.-S.; Tsoi, H. Androgen Receptor as an Emerging Feasible Biomarker for Breast Cancer. Biomolecules 2022, 12, 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12010072
  • 692
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Armed CAR-T or Combination Therapy for Prostate Cancer
CAR-T cells are genetically engineered T cells that express a unique fusion receptor. The receptor is composed of an extracellular domain, a hinge region, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signal transduction region.
  • 692
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Okadaic Acid Depuration from the Cockle Cerastoderma edule
The cockle Cerastoderma edule is a commercially important species in many European Countries. It can accumulate okadaic acid (OA) and other toxins in its group, which makes it unsuitable for human consumption, producing harvesting bans to avoid intoxications. The duration of those bans depends in part on the depuration kinetics of the toxin in this species. In this work, this kinetics was studied by means of fitting different models to depuration data experimentally obtained, using naturally contaminated cockles. Cockles depurated OA faster than most other bivalve species studied. Models that include Michaelis-Menten kinetics describe the depuration better than those using a first order exponential decrease to describe the first (or the only) compartment. One-compartment models were not able to describe the final part of the depuration curve, in which OA was depurated very slowly. Therefore, two-compartment models were needed. Esters were depurated at a much faster rate than the free form of the toxin; however, no significant esterification was detected during the process. The slow depuration rate suggests that other bivalve species could be used as sentinels to monitor cockle populations, but caution should be taken when toxin concentrations are very high. 
  • 690
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Soil by Grazing Sport Horses
Soil ingestion has been well documented for the majority of outside reared animals but not in horses. As soil can be a vector of environmental pollutants, such studies generally aim at controlling exposure to pollutant uptake in food producing animals.
  • 689
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Data in Plant Hormesis Research
High-throughput analyses increase the chances to elucidate physiological processes and ecological interactions of plants from the broadened perspective of systems biology. The generation of big data sets from the simultaneous analysis of an extensive collection of biomolecules corresponding to a definite category (genes, transcripts, proteins, and metabolites) has led to the so-called omics approach, which is the primary tool of systems biology. Furthermore, a multi-omics approach makes it possible to obtain a more detailed snapshot of a plant system by simultaneously analyzing its whole genome, proteome, transcriptome, and metabolome. Moreover, the multi-omics approach applied to single-cell functional analyses can simplify data processing and modeling to accurately depict many biological processes in plants.
  • 689
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Injury Identification during Turkey Husbandry
Injurious pecking against conspecifics is a serious problem in turkey husbandry. Bloody injuries act as a trigger mechanism to induce further pecking, and timely detection and intervention can prevent massive animal welfare impairments and costly losses. Thus, the overarching aim is to develop a camera-based system to monitor the flock and detect injuries using neural networks. In a preliminary study, images of turkeys were annotated by labelling potential injuries. These were used to train a network for injury detection.
  • 689
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Assessment of Brassicaceae Seeds Quality by X-ray Analysis
The seeds of cruciferous crops (Brassicaceae family) are high in fat oil (33–40%) and protein (25–36%). They are the main nutrients of the seed. 
  • 688
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Feasibility of Bacteriophages in Substituting Antibiotics in Livestock
Bacteriophages, a class of viruses that exclusively infect bacteria, share a prolonged evolutionary history with their hosts. There are three life cycle modes including lytic, lysogenic, and chronic infection for bacteriophages. Bacteriophages possess a plethora of applications and potential in human bacterial diseases and enteropathogenic diseases of livestock and poultry, specifically in the direction of antibiotic substitution, which exhibits tremendous potential for practical applications.
  • 688
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Vitamin D and Skeletal Muscle
Aging is associated with impairment in skeletal muscle mass and contractile function, predisposing to fat mass gain, insulin resistance and diabetes.  At cell and animal levels, that VitD treatments had positive effects on the development of muscle fibres in cells in culture, skeletal muscle force and hypertrophy. 
  • 687
  • 22 May 2021
Topic Review
Functional Role of Biogenic Amines in Social Insects
Insects, such as wasps, ants, and bees, can live in highly structured societies characterized by a complex organization. The functioning of these societies is achieved through the coordination of several individuals who can be involved in various tasks and whose numbers are regulated to respond to the overall colony status or needs. The regulatory mechanisms of social behavior are not fully unraveled, but molecules such as brain biogenic amines likely play a pivotal role.
  • 687
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Phage Therapy on Human and Poultry Infection
Acinetobacter baumannii is a multidrug-resistant and invasive pathogen associated with the etiopathology of both an increasing number of nosocomial infections and is of relevance to poultry production systems. Phage therapy has gained particular importance for the treatment of bacterial infections. Phage therapy represents a potential treatment solution for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.
  • 685
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
PeMNet for Pectoral Muscle Segmentation
Deep learning has become a popular technique in modern computer-aided (CAD) systems. In breast cancer CAD systems, breast pectoral segmentation is an important procedure to remove unwanted pectoral muscle in the images. This entry proposes a novel deep learning segmentation framework to provide fast and accurate pectoral muscle segmentation result. In the proposed framework, the novel network architecture enables more useful information to be used and therefore improve the segmentation results. 
  • 684
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Noninfectious Causes of Late Embryonic/Early Fetal Losses
Pregnancy loss at any developmental stage affects the reproductive efficiency of cattle both at the individual and herd levels. In dairy cows, negative effects on milk production along with the increased antibiotic usage associated with pregnancy loss can have dramatic consequences on herd economy. Pregnancy loss during late embryonic and early fetal development can affect up to 20% of animals within a dairy cattle herd, so regular screening and pregnancy maintenance protocols are mandatory as it is important to identify animals at risk of losing their pregnancy after its diagnosis.
  • 684
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Relationship between Environmental Factors and Virus-Induced Symptoms
Plant viruses, as obligate intracellular parasites, induce significant changes in the cellular physiology of host cells to facilitate their multiplication. These alterations often lead to the development of symptoms that interfere with normal growth and development, causing USD 60 billion worth of losses per year, worldwide, in both agricultural and horticultural crops. 
  • 684
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Melatonin in Brassicaceae
The family Brassicaceae, also known as Cruciferae, includes approximately 372 genera and 4060 species. It is distributed throughout the world, and its distribution pattern suggests that this plant family originated and was diversified from the eastern Mediterranean. Brassicaceae is a large family of plants that have a wide range of applications, including human consumption in vegetables, seed oils and condiments, livestock in fodder and others.Arabidopsis thaliana, which is well known in the research, belongs to this family.
  • 682
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Approaches to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Agriculture
Agriculture is the second most important greenhouse gas (GHG: methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions)-emitting sector after the energy sector. Agriculture is also recognized as the source and sink of GHGs. Livestock production and feed, nitrogen-rich fertilizers and livestock manure application, crop residue burning, as well as water management in flood-prone cultivation areas are components of agriculture that produce and emit most GHGs. Although agriculture produces 72–89% less GHGs than other sectors, it is believed that reducing GHG emissions in agriculture would considerably lower its share of the global GHG emission records, which may lead to enormous benefits for the environment and food production systems. 
  • 682
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Alternative Management of Fungal Diseases in Plants
Fungal pathogens pose a major threat to food production worldwide. Traditionally, chemical fungicides have been the primary means of controlling these pathogens, but many of these fungicides have recently come under increased scrutiny due to their negative effects on the health of humans, animals, and the environment. Furthermore, the use of chemical fungicides can result in the development of resistance in populations of phytopathogenic fungi. Therefore, new environmentally friendly alternatives that provide adequate levels of disease control are needed to replace chemical fungicides—if not completely, then at least partially. A number of alternatives to conventional chemical fungicides have been developed, including plant defence elicitors (PDEs); biological control agents (fungi, bacteria, and mycoviruses), either alone or as consortia; biochemical fungicides; natural products; RNA interference (RNAi) methods; and resistance breeding. 
  • 681
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Microplastic Studies in Aquatic Environments
Microplastic pollution is no longer neglected worldwide, as recent studies have unveiled its potential harm to ecosystems and, even worse, to human health. Numerous studies have documented the ubiquity of microplastics, reflecting the necessity of formulating corresponding policies to mitigate the accumulation of microplastics in natural environments.
  • 680
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Diurnal Rhythmicity of Gut Microbiota
The rhythmicity of gut microbiota has fundamental implications for host physiology, metabolism, and health. The microbial rhythmicity is affected by many host-derived factors including the host circadian clock. Vice versa, gut microbiota rhythmicity can influence the host’s circadian rhythm.
  • 679
  • 11 Jul 2022
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