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Topic Review
Assessment of Brassicaceae Seeds Quality by X-ray Analysis
The seeds of cruciferous crops (Brassicaceae family) are high in fat oil (33–40%) and protein (25–36%). They are the main nutrients of the seed. 
  • 683
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Melatonin in Brassicaceae
The family Brassicaceae, also known as Cruciferae, includes approximately 372 genera and 4060 species. It is distributed throughout the world, and its distribution pattern suggests that this plant family originated and was diversified from the eastern Mediterranean. Brassicaceae is a large family of plants that have a wide range of applications, including human consumption in vegetables, seed oils and condiments, livestock in fodder and others.Arabidopsis thaliana, which is well known in the research, belongs to this family.
  • 680
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Prebiotic Supplements' Effect on Gastrointestinal Microbiota of Pigs
A prebiotic is a substrate selectively utilized by host microorganisms and conferring a benefit to the host. Prebiotics offer a therapeutic strategy in order to alter the composition of the microbiota, enhancing the proliferation of beneficial microbes and production of host-health-promoting metabolites, which can subsequently limit the proliferation of potentially harmful microbes. There is currently a broad range of different prebiotic classes. These vary in structure and composition and subsequently in the effects exerted on the microbiota. 
  • 679
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
PeMNet for Pectoral Muscle Segmentation
Deep learning has become a popular technique in modern computer-aided (CAD) systems. In breast cancer CAD systems, breast pectoral segmentation is an important procedure to remove unwanted pectoral muscle in the images. This entry proposes a novel deep learning segmentation framework to provide fast and accurate pectoral muscle segmentation result. In the proposed framework, the novel network architecture enables more useful information to be used and therefore improve the segmentation results. 
  • 678
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Soil by Grazing Sport Horses
Soil ingestion has been well documented for the majority of outside reared animals but not in horses. As soil can be a vector of environmental pollutants, such studies generally aim at controlling exposure to pollutant uptake in food producing animals.
  • 676
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Treatment for Itch in Atopic Dermatitis
This entry briefly describes the recent drugs for the treatment of atopic itch.
  • 675
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Okadaic Acid Depuration from the Cockle Cerastoderma edule
The cockle Cerastoderma edule is a commercially important species in many European Countries. It can accumulate okadaic acid (OA) and other toxins in its group, which makes it unsuitable for human consumption, producing harvesting bans to avoid intoxications. The duration of those bans depends in part on the depuration kinetics of the toxin in this species. In this work, this kinetics was studied by means of fitting different models to depuration data experimentally obtained, using naturally contaminated cockles. Cockles depurated OA faster than most other bivalve species studied. Models that include Michaelis-Menten kinetics describe the depuration better than those using a first order exponential decrease to describe the first (or the only) compartment. One-compartment models were not able to describe the final part of the depuration curve, in which OA was depurated very slowly. Therefore, two-compartment models were needed. Esters were depurated at a much faster rate than the free form of the toxin; however, no significant esterification was detected during the process. The slow depuration rate suggests that other bivalve species could be used as sentinels to monitor cockle populations, but caution should be taken when toxin concentrations are very high. 
  • 674
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Crop Prices Factors in the Climate Change Context
Food security has become a concerning issue because of global climate change and increasing populations. Agricultural production is considered one of the key factors that affects food security. The changing climate has negatively affected agricultural production, which accelerates food shortages. The supply of agricultural commodities can be heavily influenced by climate change, which leads to climate-induced agricultural productivity shocks impacting crop prices.
  • 674
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
SiMYB19
SiMYB19 is tentatively localized to the nucleus and activates transcription. It enhances salt tolerance in transgenic rice at the germination and seedling stages. SiMYB19 overexpression increased shoot height, grain yield, and salt tolerance in field- and salt pond-grown transgenic rice. SiMYB19 overexpression promotes abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation in transgenic rice and upregulates the ABA synthesis gene OsNCED3 and the ABA signal transduction pathway-related genes OsPK1 and OsABF2.
  • 674
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Flavor Compound Hexanal Content in Chinese Native Chickens
The role of hexanal in flavor as an indicator of the degree of oxidation of meat products is undeniable. However, the genes and pathways of hexanal formation have not been characterized in detail.
  • 673
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Toxigenic Molds in Ripened Foods and Biocontrol Strategies
Ripened foods of animal origin comprise meat products and dairy products, being transformed by the wild microbiota which populates the raw materials, generating highly appreciated products over the world. Together with this beneficial microbiota, toxigenic molds such as Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp., can contaminate these products and pose a risk for the consumers. Thus, effective strategies to hamper these hazards are required. Additionally, consumer demand for clean label products is increasing. Therefore, the manufacturing sector is seeking new efficient, natural, low-environmental impact and easy to apply strategies to counteract these microorganisms.
  • 673
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The Feasibility of Bacteriophages in Substituting Antibiotics in Livestock
Bacteriophages, a class of viruses that exclusively infect bacteria, share a prolonged evolutionary history with their hosts. There are three life cycle modes including lytic, lysogenic, and chronic infection for bacteriophages. Bacteriophages possess a plethora of applications and potential in human bacterial diseases and enteropathogenic diseases of livestock and poultry, specifically in the direction of antibiotic substitution, which exhibits tremendous potential for practical applications.
  • 673
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Organellar Evolution
Eukaryotic organelles supposedly evolved from their bacterial ancestors because of their benefits to host cells. However, organelles are quite often retained, even when the beneficial metabolic pathway is lost, due to something other than the original beneficial function. The organellar function essential for cell survival is, in the end, the result of organellar evolution, particularly losses of redundant metabolic pathways present in both the host and endosymbiont, followed by a gradual distribution of metabolic functions between the organelle and host.
  • 671
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Microplastic Studies in Aquatic Environments
Microplastic pollution is no longer neglected worldwide, as recent studies have unveiled its potential harm to ecosystems and, even worse, to human health. Numerous studies have documented the ubiquity of microplastics, reflecting the necessity of formulating corresponding policies to mitigate the accumulation of microplastics in natural environments.
  • 671
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Effects of Ginger Extracts and Their Bioactive Compounds
Phytogenics such as ginger, wild marjoram, and cloves, along with their active components, have been shown to be effective and safe in animal production and thus serve as potential substitutes that could replace antibiotic growth promoters.
  • 670
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Dairy Cow Thermal State
Heat stress in cattle is broadly defined as a physiological condition in which body temperature rises, and the animals are no longer able to adequately dissipate body heat to maintain thermal equilibrium due to environmental factors. Dairy cattle are particularly sensitive to heat stress because of the higher metabolic rate needed for milk production. Due to global warming and the expected growth of milk production in warmer regions, an increase in the occurrence of heat stress can only be avoided with the use of environmental control systems.
  • 668
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Enrichment for Laboratory Zebrafish
Enrichment is accepted as an essential requirement for meeting the behavioural needs and improving the welfare of many laboratory animal species, but in general, provision for zebrafish is minimal.
  • 667
  • 26 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
Antibodies are now a versatile tool for diagnostics and therapy of various conditions in humans and hyperimmune sera can be replaced by specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). mAbs have been known since the 1970s. Numerous mAbs have been developed against SARS-CoV 2 and have proven their effectiveness, especially in the management of the mild-to-moderate disease. 
  • 667
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Injury Identification during Turkey Husbandry
Injurious pecking against conspecifics is a serious problem in turkey husbandry. Bloody injuries act as a trigger mechanism to induce further pecking, and timely detection and intervention can prevent massive animal welfare impairments and costly losses. Thus, the overarching aim is to develop a camera-based system to monitor the flock and detect injuries using neural networks. In a preliminary study, images of turkeys were annotated by labelling potential injuries. These were used to train a network for injury detection.
  • 667
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Virus Mutations and SARS-CoV-2
The COVID-19 virus strains were named after Greek alphabetical letters, and the designation is based on the positions and number of mutations. There are some disagreements regarding mutations belonging to specific strain groups, probably because different mutations evolved and spread further on different continents and states.
  • 666
  • 30 Jan 2022
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