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Topic Review
Small-Molecule Therapeutic for Progeria Treatment
Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), or progeria, is an extremely rare disorder that belongs to the class of laminopathies, diseases characterized by alterations in the genes that encode for the lamin proteins or for their associated interacting proteins. In particular, progeria is caused by a point mutation in the gene that codifies for the lamin A gene. This mutation ultimately leads to the biosynthesis of a mutated version of lamin A called progerin, which accumulates abnormally in the nuclear lamina. This accumulation elicits several alterations at the nuclear, cellular, and tissue levels that are phenotypically reflected in a systemic disorder with important alterations, mainly in the cardiovascular system, bones, skin, and overall growth, which results in premature death at an average age of 14.5 years. Unlike the majority of the rare diseases, it has, since November 2020, a specific FDA approved drug, lonafarnib. However, this small molecule represents a treatment, but it does not cure the disease, and it has several limitations that make the development of new therapeutic strategies a critical need in the field. 
  • 1.8K
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Tragia L. Genus
Tragia L. is a genus of plants belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family with worldwide intertropical distribution, composed of more than 150 species.
  • 1.8K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Design of Calcium-Binding Proteins to Sense Calcium
Ca2+ is the most ubiquitous signaling molecule in the human body, regulating numerous biological functions including heartbeat, muscle contraction, neural function, cell development, and cell proliferation. Calcium dynamics result from fluxes in Ca2+ concentrations that vary in amplitude and duration, between intracellular compartments and between the intracellular and extracellular space and intracellular organelles. Calcium controls numerous biological processes by interacting with different classes of calcium binding proteins (CaBP’s), with different affinities, metal selectivities, kinetics, and calcium dependent conformational changes.
  • 1.8K
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
ATF5 Function in Regulating Cell Stress and Survival
Activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5) belongs to the activating transcription factor/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein family of basic region leucine zipper transcription factors. ATF5 plays an important role in cell stress regulation and is involved in cell differentiation and survival, as well as centrosome maintenance and development. 
  • 1.8K
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Polyamine Detection Methods
The biogenic aliphatic polyamines (spermine, spermidine, and putrescine) are responsible for numerous cell functions, including cell proliferation, the stabilization of nucleic acid conformations, cell division, homeostasis, gene expression, and protein synthesis in living organisms. The change of polyamine concentrations in the urine or blood is usually related to the presence of malignant tumors and is regarded as a biomarker for the early diagnosis of cancer. Therefore, the detection of polyamine levels in physiological fluids can provide valuable information in terms of cancer diagnosis and in monitoring therapeutic effects. 
  • 1.8K
  • 23 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Poser
Poser (and Poser Pro) is a 3D computer graphics program distributed by Bondware. Poser is optimized for the 3D modeling of human figures. By enabling beginners to produce basic animations and digital images, along with the extensive availability of third-party digital 3D models, it has attained much popularity.
  • 1.8K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Use of Collagen in Bone Tissue Engineering
Synthetic bone substitute materials (BSMs) are becoming the general trend of replacing autologous grafting for bone tissue engineering (BTE) in orthopedic research and clinical practice. As the main component of bone matrix, collagen type I has been playing a critical role in the construction of ideal synthetic BSMs for decades. Significant strides have been made in the field of collagen research, including the exploration of various collagen types, structure and sources, the optimization of preparation techniques, modification technologies, and the manufacture of various collagen-based materials. However, the poor mechanical properties, fast degradation, and lack of osteoconductive activity of collagen-based materials caused inefficient bone replacement and limited their translation into clinical reality. In the area of BTE, so far, attempts focused on the preparation of collagen-based biomimetic BSMs together with other inorganic materials and bioactive substances. By reviewing the approved products on the market, this manuscript updates the latest applications of collagen-based materials in bone regeneration and highlights the potential for further development in the field of BTE over the next ten years.
  • 1.8K
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Meta-Communication in Digital Media
Meta-communication is formed in various social contexts, resulting in varying communication patterns among different groups. Empirical research on the social processes that form meta-communication in digital media is scarce due to the challenges in quantifying meta-communication. 
  • 1.8K
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
In Vitro Models for Anti-Aging Efficacy Assessment
The skin is the human body’s largest organ and serves as a crucial boundary between the body and the external environment. As a natural process, skin aging cannot be avoided, and it causes changes in the skin’s strength, structure, elasticity, and integrity. Many approaches have been developed over the years to study the skin, including in vivo and in vitro methods. Nevertheless, animal assays have ethical issues and a lack of reproducibility. Hence, in vitro skin models have been increasingly developed and used. For the assessment of the potential of the anti-aging activity of compounds of different origins, the most commonly used in vitro assays are the ones evaluating antioxidant, anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, anti-hyaluronidase, anti-tyrosinase, anti-inflammatory, antiglycation, or moisturizing activity, and the induction of skin cell proliferation/anti-senescence effects or the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase production.
  • 1.8K
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The Importance of Alternative Materials for Building Construction
The escalating demand for natural resources within the construction industry is progressing upward. At the same time, however, there is a great concern regarding the depletion of these resources. On the one hand, the depletion of primary sources of natural sand worldwide, combined with environmental and ecological concerns, drives the adoption of alternative aggregate materials for sustainable concrete construction. On the other hand, stone dust, a waste from the quarrying industry, offers a cost-effective and practical solution for producing concrete. 
  • 1.8K
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Fibromyalgia Symptoms Overview
Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) can be conceptualized as a chronic disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain and other accompanying symptoms such as fatigue, insomnia, depression, anxiety and cognitive impairments. The etiology of FMS remains unknown, being one of the most accepted hypothesis the presence of central sensitization to pain and impairments in endogenous pain inhibitory mechanisms. The history of the development of FMS concept reveals how other symptoms -apart from pain- has become also relevant in FMS diagnosis and treatment. The central symptom of FMS is pain. FMS patients generally report high levels of clinical pain, which are related to greater impairments in health related quality of life, cognitive abilities and disease course. Fatigue and sleeping difficulties are also common symptoms of FMS. Fatigue have shown positive associations with pain, stiffness, sleep problems, increased body mass index, FMS severity, tenderness, disability, cognitive complaints, anxiety and depression. The majority of FMS patients report poor sleep quality, take longer to fall asleep, generally wake up during the night, sleep fewer hours, and usually wake up unrefreshed. Emotional disturbances (i.e., depression, anxiety) are also frequent in FMS. In fact, depression and anxiety disorders have showed a negative impact on the clinical course and work capacity of FMS patients. Cognitive impairments are also a relevant symptom in FMS. The most common complaints among FMS patients are executive function deficits, attention problems, forgetfulness, concentration difficulties, and mental slowness. Regarding the most frequent treatments for FMS, these can be classified as non-psychological and psychological. The former includes analgesic drugs, adjuvant drugs (i.e., antidepressants, benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants, etc.), nerve blocks, electrostimulation at different levels, infiltrations, etc. The psychological therapies with the most evidence are cognitive-behavioral, acceptance and commitment therapy and mindfulness. FMS is associated with a severe reduction of health related quality of life and psychosocial impairments. It is necessary to take all FMS symptoms and its relations into account in order to provide a more tailored and effective treatment, as well as, to improve the health related quality of life of FMS patients.
  • 1.8K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
DPN Pathology at blood–nerve barrier
In diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), metabolic disorder by hyperglycemia progresses in pe-ripheral nerves. In addition to the direct damage to peripheral neural axons, the homeostatic mechanism of peripheral nerves is disrupted by dysfunction of the blood–nerve barrier (BNB) and Schwann cells. The disruption of the BNB, which is a crucial factor in DPN development and ex-acerbation, causes axonal degeneration via various pathways. Although many reports revealed that hyperglycemia and other important factors, such as dyslipidemia-induced dysfunction of Schwann cells, contributed to DPN, the molecular mechanisms underlying BNB disruption have not been sufficiently elucidated, mainly because of the lack of in vitro studies owing to difficulties in establishing human cell lines from vascular endothelial cells and pericytes that form the BNB.
  • 1.8K
  • 05 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is an organic pollutant with persistence and carcinogenicity. They are universally present in the environment and food processing. Biological approaches toward remediating PAHs-contaminated sites are a viable, economical, and environmentally friendly alternative compared to conventional physical and/or chemical remediation methods. Recently, various strategies relating to low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) have been developed to enhance the microbial degradation of PAHs. However, the remaining challenge is to reveal the role of LMWOAs in the PAHs biodegradation process, and the latter limits researchers from expanding the application scope of biodegradation.
  • 1.8K
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Zooceuticals and Cosmetic Ingredients Derived from Animals
Many substances derived from animals are used as ingredients in the cosmetic industry and constitute a particular type of product: zooceuticals. The main ingredients used can come from insects, such as snail slime; land animals, such as lanolin; and marine animals, such as marine collagen. Today, they are used less than in the past for hygienic–sanitary, ethical, and ecological reasons. Moreover, some can give rise to irritative or allergic dermatitis. However, they still represent a fraction of the common ingredients in certain types of cosmetic products today.
  • 1.8K
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
SV40
SV40 is an abbreviation for simian vacuolating virus 40 or simian virus 40, a polyomavirus that is found in both monkeys and humans. Like other polyomaviruses, SV40 is a DNA virus that has the potential to cause tumors in animals, but most often persists as a latent infection. SV40 has been widely studied as a model eukaryotic virus, leading to many early discoveries in eukaryotic DNA replication and transcription.
  • 1.8K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Mould Growth Analysis
The external wall’s moisture accumulation and mould growth were simulated for a period of ten years using the transient hygrothermal simulation tool, WUFI® Pro, and the mould growth model, WUFI® VTT.
  • 1.8K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Insect-Derived Chitin and Chitosan
The potential of insects as a sustainable and easily accessible source of chitin and chitosan is highlighted in “Insect-Derived Chitin and Chitosan: A Still Unexploited Resource for the Edible Insect Sector”. Researchers describe the state of the art in the extraction and purification of chitin and chitosan from edible insects. Chitin and chitosan may be extracted and purified from edible insect species like the black soldier fly and the cricket since they are naturally rich in chitin. Due to their strong biological activity, chitin and chitosan have many potential uses in the agriculture, food, and biomedical industry sectors. Insect chitin and chitosan might be utilised to provide a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to petroleum-based polymers in food packaging. Chitin and chitosan have been shown to have antibacterial characteristics, making them valuable for a variety of biological applications. Insects' tremendous potential as a renewable and profitable resource for chitin and chitosan. 
  • 1.8K
  • 29 Mar 2023
Topic Review
The Genus Capsicum
Chili is one of the world’s most widely used horticultural products. Many dishes around the world are prepared using this fruit. The chili belongs to the genus Capsicum and is part of the Solanaceae family. This fruit has essential biomolecules such as carbohydrates, dietary fiber, proteins, and lipids. In addition, chili has other compounds that may exert some biological activity (bioactivities).
  • 1.8K
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Aquaponics as Sustainable Path to Food Sovereignty
Aquaponics emerges as a beacon of hope, showcasing how humanity can adapt, innovate, and thrive while preserving the delicate balance of our natural resources. Within aquaponic systems, a symbiotic cycle unfolds: fish waste serves as vital nutrients for plants, while these same plants act as natural filters, purifying the water destined to circulate back to the fish tanks. This harmonious relationship between aquatic life and vegetation fosters a closed-loop ecosystem, significantly curbing water wastage and elevating the system’s overall sustainability. This method not only produces high-quality organic vegetables and fruits but also sustainable protein sources, addressing the challenges of both food security and water conservation.
  • 1.8K
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Melanoma
Melanoma is a malignant tumor that originates from melanocytes. Although melanoma mainly occurs in the skin (cutaneous melanoma), it can also occur in the eyes (uveal melanoma), gastrointestinal tract, oral mucosa and genital tract (mucosal melanoma) [1][2][3][4][5].
  • 1.8K
  • 07 Feb 2021
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