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Topic Review
Hazards of the Ammonia Bunkering Process
Ammonia is thought to be a potential alternative for hydrogen storage in the future, allowing for CO2-free energy systems. Ammonia’s beneficial characteristics with regard to hydrogen storage include its high volumetric hydrogen density, low storage pressure, and long-term stability. However, ammonia is characterized by toxicity, flammability, and corrosiveness, making safety a challenge compared to other alternative fuels. In specific circumstances, leakage from ammonia bunkering can cause risks, dispersion, and unsafe areas due to its flammability and toxicity. To avoid dispersion, fire, and explosion hazards on ships, it is crucial to conduct thorough risk analyses.
  • 1.9K
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Bubble Dynamics in Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis
Water electrolysis using a proton exchange membrane (PEM) holds substantial promise to produce green hydrogen with zero carbon discharge. Although various techniques are available to produce hydrogen gas, the water electrolysis process tends to be more cost-effective with greater advantages for energy storage devices. However, one of the challenges associated with PEM water electrolysis is the accumulation of gas bubbles, which can impair cell performance and result in lower hydrogen output. Achieving an in-depth knowledge of bubble dynamics during electrolysis is essential for optimal cell performance.
  • 1.9K
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Molecular Progression of Prostate Cancer
We have witnessed noteworthy progress in our understanding of prostate cancer over the past decades. This basic knowledge has been translated into efficient diagnostic and treatment approaches leading to the improvement in patient survival. However, the molecular pathogenesis of prostate cancer appears to be complex, and histological findings often do not provide an accurate assessment of disease aggressiveness and future course. Moreover, we also witness tremendous racial disparity in prostate cancer incidence and clinical outcomes necessitating a deeper understanding of molecular and mechanistic bases of prostate cancer. Biological research heavily relies on model systems that can be easily manipulated and tested under a controlled experimental environment. Over the years, several cancer cell lines have been developed representing diverse molecular subtypes of prostate cancer. In addition, several animal models have been developed to demonstrate the etiological molecular basis of the prostate cancer. In recent years, patient-derived xenograft and 3-D culture models have also been created and utilized in preclinical research. This review is an attempt to succinctly discuss existing information on the cellular and molecular progression of prostate cancer. We also discuss available model systems and their tested and potential utility in basic and preclinical prostate cancer research.
  • 1.9K
  • 24 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Urban Noise and Psychological Distress
Chronic exposure to urban noise is harmful for auditory perception, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and nervous systems, while also causing psychological annoyance. Around 25% of the EU population experience a deterioration in the quality of life due to annoyance and about 5–15% suffer from sleep disorders, with many disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost annually. This entry highlights the main sources of urban noise, the principal clinical disorders and the most effected countries.
  • 1.9K
  • 14 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Lignin/Cellulose Nanofibers for Supercapacitor Applications
Supercapacitors are energy storage devices with high power density, rapid charge/discharge rate, and excellent cycle stability. Carbon-based supercapacitors are increasingly attracting attention because of their large surface area and high porosity. Carbon-based materials research has been recently centered on biomass-based materials due to the rising need to maintain a sustainable environment. Cellulose and lignin constitute the major components of lignocellulose biomass. Since they are renewable, sustainable, and readily accessible, lignin and cellulose-based supercapacitors are economically viable and environmentally friendly.
  • 1.9K
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Lassa Virus
Lassa virus (LASV), a member of the Mammarenavirus genus in the Arenaviridae family, is the causative agent of Lassa fever (LF). LASV was originally isolated and described in 1969 after a missionary nurse in Lassa, Nigeria became infected and died from the disease.
  • 1.9K
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
Perovskite Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium Metal Batteries
Solid-state lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have become increasingly important in recent years due to their potential to offer higher energy density and enhanced safety compared to conventional liquid electrolyte-based lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, they require highly functional solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) and, therefore, many inorganic materials such as oxides of perovskite La2/3−xLi3xTiO3 (LLTO) and garnets La3Li7Zr2O12 (LLZO), sulfides Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS), and phosphates Li1+xAlxTi2−x(PO4)3x (LATP) are under investigation. Among these oxide materials, LLTO exhibits superior safety, wider electrochemical window (8 V vs. Li/Li+), and higher bulk conductivity values reaching in excess of 10−3 S cm−1 at ambient temperature, which is close to organic liquid-state electrolytes presently used in LIBs. 
  • 1.9K
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Unmanned Aerial Robots’ Applications in Agriculture
The most common role of drones in agriculture is to assess and monitor crops. For this, remote sensing is carried out, but this task is not enough when agricultural applications become more widespread. For this, autonomous mobile robots such as drones and other UAVs with technologically different features are designed for various agricultural purposes.
  • 1.9K
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species Concentrations in Plant Cells
Environmental factors, such as high light intensity, adverse temperature, drought, or soil salinity, are summarized as abiotic stresses and discriminated from biotic stresses that are exerted by pathogens and herbivores, for instance. It was an unexpected observation that overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a common response to all kinds of stress investigated so far. ROS are important messengers in cell signaling, but exceeding a concentration threshold causes damage. This requires fine-tuning of ROS production and degradation rates. In general, there are two options to control cellular ROS levels, (I) ROS scavenging at the expense of antioxidant consumption and (II) enzyme-controlled degradation of ROS. As antioxidants are limited in quantity, the first strategy only allows temporarily buffering of a certain cellular ROS level. This way, it prevents spells of eventually damaging ROS concentrations. 
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) in Romanian Forestry
Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is a North American species that was introduced in Romania around the end of the 17th century, and it was first used in large-scale afforestation of degraded lands in the year 1852. Due to its remarkable adaptability, fast growth, and vigorous sprouting capacity, it has become one of the most widely spread exotic species in Romania. Using black locust for afforestation, Romanian foresters successfully reclaimed large areas of abandoned agricultural land degraded by “flying sands” in southwest of the country, thus contributing to mitigation of the aridization phenomena. Driving the extensive use of the species was its durable and versatile wood, much appreciated by rural communities, complemented with major benefits from crop fields and settlement protection against wind/sand deflation, as well as economically viable byproducts. In addition to the immediate improvements to local microclimate, afforestations also contributed to long-term climate change mitigation by sequestering atmospheric CO2 in the carbon pools (living tree biomass, soil organic matter, litter) as well as downstream wood products (e.g., furniture). Nevertheless, in the past decade, awareness has been raised towards its invasive potential in protected areas.
  • 1.9K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Leishmaniases
The control of leishmaniases, a complex parasitic disease caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania, requires continuous innovation at the therapeutic and vaccine levels. Thus, the classical drugs are toxic and generate drug resistance. These limitations are also the consequence of a non adapted biodistribution of the active principles. Chitosan is a biocompatible polymer administrable via different routes and possessing numerous qualities to be used in the antileishmanial strategies.
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Soundscape Design of Indoor Environments
A growing number of soundscape studies involving audiovisual factors have been conducted; however, their bimodal and interactive effects on indoor soundscape evaluations have not yet been thoroughly reviewed. The overarching goal of this systematic review was to develop the framework for designing sustainable indoor soundscapes by focusing on audiovisual factors and relations. A search for individual studies was conducted through three databases and search engines: Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. Based on the qualitative reviews of the selected thirty papers, a framework of indoor soundscape evaluation concerning visual and audiovisual indicators was proposed. Overall, the greenery factor was the most important visual variable, followed by the water features and moderating noise annoyance perceived by occupants in given indoor environments. The presence of visual information and sound-source visibility would moderate perceived noise annoyance and influence other audio-related perceptions. Furthermore, sound sources would impact multiple perceptual responses (audio, visual, cognitive, and emotional perceptions) related to the overall soundscape experiences when certain visual factors are interactively involved. The proposed framework highlights the potential use of the bimodality and interactivity of the audiovisual factors for designing indoor sound environments in more effective ways.
  • 1.9K
  • 31 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Resveratrol in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Resveratrol (RSV) is a polyphenolic stillbenoid with significant anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties recently tested in animal models of several neurological diseases. Altered immune alteration and oxidative stress have also been found in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and these alterations could add to the pathophysiology associated with ASD. 
  • 1.9K
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Warthin Tumor
Warthin tumor (WT) is a benign salivary gland tumor composed of oncocytic epithelial cells lining ductal, papillary, and cystic structures in a lymphoid stroma. Is the second most common salivary gland tumor. WT commonly affect individuals in ther sixth to seventh decade and have a link to cigarette smoking. 
  • 1.9K
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Active Phosphorylated G Protein-Coupled Receptors
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest known family of signaling proteins, with over 800 members in humans, and even more in most mammalian species. They are responsible for initiating intracellular signaling that affects metabolism, growth, differentiation, and mediate sensory inputs underlying taste, sense of smell, and vision. GPCRs are targeted by about a third of clinically used drugs.
  • 1.9K
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Neuropathic Itch Caused by Pseudorabies Virus
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an alphaherpesvirus related to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1). PRV is the causative agent of Aujeskzy’s disease in swine. PRV infects mucosal epithelium and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of its host where it can establish a quiescent, latent infection. While the natural host of PRV is the swine, a broad spectrum of mammals, including rodents, cats, dogs, and cattle can be infected. Since the nineteenth century, PRV infection is known to cause a severe acute neuropathy, the so called “mad itch” in non-natural hosts, but surprisingly not in swine. In the past, most scientific efforts have been directed to eradicating PRV from pig farms by the use of effective marker vaccines, but little attention has been given to the processes leading to the mad itch. 
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Deep Learning-Based Change Detection
Change detection based on remote sensing images plays an important role in the field of remote sensing analysis, and it has been widely used in many areas, such as resources monitoring, urban planning, disaster assessment, etc. With the improved spatial resolution of remote sensing images, many deep learning methods have been proposed for aerial and satellite image change detection. Depending on the granularity of the detection unit, these methods can be roughly classified into two main categories : scene-level methods (SLCDs) and region-level methods (RLCDs). These two categories are not necessarily independent of each other, and sometimes, the same change detection process may be present in different methods simultaneously.
  • 1.9K
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Criminal Poisonings
Criminal poisonings are among the least frequently detected crimes in the world. Lack of suspicion of this type of event by police officers and prosecutors, clinical symptoms imitating many somatic diseases and technical difficulties in diagnostics, as well as high research costs make the actual frequency of these events difficult to estimate. The substance used for criminal poisoning is often characterized by: lack of taste, color and smell, delayed action, easy availability and difficulty to detect.
  • 1.9K
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Workplace Relationships
Workplace relationships are unique interpersonal relationships with important implications for the individuals in those relationships, and the organizations in which the relationships exist and develop. Workplace relationships directly affect a worker's ability and drive to succeed. These connections are multifaceted, can exist in and out of the organization, and be both positive and negative. One such detriment lies in the nonexistence of workplace relationships, which can lead to feelings of loneliness. Workplace relationships are not limited to friendships, but also include superior-subordinate, romantic, and family relationships.
  • 1.9K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Reinforced Concrete Bridges with Fe-Based Shape Memory Alloys
Reinforced concrete (RC) bridges often face great demands of strengthening or repair during their service life. Fe-based shape memory alloys (Fe-SMAs) as a kind of low-cost smart materials have great potential to enhance civil engineering structures. The stable shape memory effect of Fe-SMAs is generated by, taking Fe-Mn-Si alloys as an example, the martensite transformation of fcc(γ) → hcp(ε) and its reverse transformation which produces considerable recovery stress (400~500 MPa) that can be used as prestress for reinforcement of RC bridges.
  • 1.9K
  • 09 Jan 2023
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