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Topic Review
Wingtip Vortices: An Extensive Review
Wingtip vortices generated from aircraft wingtips, as a result of the pressure differential at the wingtip, constitute a major component of the total drag force, especially during take-off and landing. In addition to the drag issue, these vortices also pose a significant hazard to smaller aircraft flying in the wake of the larger airplane. The wingtip vortices play a crucial role in aerodynamic efficiency, fuel consumption, flight range, and aircraft stability. 
  • 1.9K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Cobalt–Chromium Dental Alloys
Co–Cr dental alloys consist of Co, Cr and also other metals (e.g., gallium, iron, molybdenum, nickel, ruthenium, tungsten). Since the 1990s, regulations have emerged to protect European patients and also monitor recent scientific knowledge. The use of metals and, therefore, dental alloys has been highly regulated by directives and regulations. Europe has, therefore, developed a regulatory package to protect all players involved in alloys, whether they are metal producers, manufacturers of alloys and medical devices, healthcare professionals and patients. Objective information is provided about Co–Cr dental alloys, with regard to both the latest toxicological data and regulatory developments from 2020–2025. The release of metal ions and the problem of wear particles are also discussed. With the recent change of regulatory status of Co, it is necessary to know the many repercussions (economic, technical etc.) of their use precisely in order to then allow actors to modify their daily work. The legislative changes also bring the need to propose new alternatives to Co-Cr dental alloys.  
  • 1.9K
  • 21 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Support Tool for Supplier Evaluation and Selection
The supplier selection process is considered one of the most relevant decisions in supply chain management due to its effect on the product quality and on buyer performance. Supplier selection is often unstructured, and is generally based on the lowest-price proposal. However, this type of selection involves a high risk, sometimes resulting in project delays, poor quality of acquired goods, and large financial losses. Price is undoubtedly an important criterion when choosing a supplier; however, other equally important criteria must be considered. Therefore, supplier selection should be formulated as a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem.
  • 1.9K
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Wearable Airbags
Fall-related injury is a common cause of mortality among the elderly. Hip fractures are especially dangerous and can even be fatal. In this study, a threshold-based preimpact fall detection algorithm was developed for wearable airbags that minimize the impact of falls on the user’s body. Acceleration sum vector magnitude (SVM), angular velocity SVM, and vertical angle, calculated using inertial data captured from an inertial measurement unit were used to develop the algorithm. To calculate the vertical angle accurately, a complementary filter with a proportional integral controller was used to minimize integration errors and the effect of external impacts. In total, 30 healthy young men were recruited to simulate 6 types of falls and 14 activities of daily life. The developed algorithm achieved 100% sensitivity, 97.54% specificity, 98.33% accuracy, and an average lead time (i.e., the time between the fall detection and the collision) of 280.25 ± 10.29 ms with our experimental data, whereas it achieved 96.1% sensitivity, 90.5% specificity, and 92.4% accuracy with the SisFall public dataset. This paper demonstrates that the algorithm achieved a high accuracy using our experimental data, which included some highly dynamic motions that had not been tested previously.
  • 1.9K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Green Entrepreneurship in the Agriculture Industry
Agriculture is one of those industries that is contributing significantly to environmental degradation. Globally, the agriculture industry causes soil erosion, pollutes lakes, rivers, sea, and ground water, pollutes the top layer of earth through the excess amount of chemical in the form of fertilizer, and causes the extinction of living species. Academic research suggests that one of the solutions to environmental degradation caused by the agriculture industry is promoting green agriculture enterprises and integrating agriculture with advanced sophisticated sustainable technology through green agriculture entrepreneurship. Green agriculture allows the achievement of established threshold sustainable criteria while advancing rural communities with regard to food, energy, and technological independence.
  • 1.9K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
AI and Self-Learning: Opportunities and Challenges
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and self-learning algorithms has revolutionized the field of machine learning. This research explores the opportunities, challenges, and risks associated with AI and self-learning, with a particular focus on the impact of different types of AI on self-learning. The research examines how AI algorithms are designed to learn from data and improve their performance over time with little or no human intervention. While AI and self-learning present significant opportunities for automation, efficiency, and innovation, they also pose challenges such as data privacy, security, and ethical concerns. The research provides several success stories of AI and self-learning in various industries and applications. Furthermore, the research outlines future directions for the development and implementation of AI and self-learning algorithms and provides recommendations for all involved parties.
  • 1.9K
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Repurposing Approved Drugs in Colon Cancer
Despite improvements in standardized screening methods and the development of promising therapies for colorectal cancer (CRC), survival rates are still low. Drug repurposing offers an affordable solution to achieve new indications for previously approved drugs that could play a protagonist or adjuvant role in the treatment of CRC. 
  • 1.9K
  • 18 May 2022
Topic Review
Manned Orbiting Laboratory
The Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL), originally referred to as the Manned Orbital Laboratory, was a never-flown part of the United States Air Force 's human spaceflight program, a successor to the canceled Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar military reconnaissance space plane project. The project was developed from several early Air Force and NASA concepts of crewed space stations to be used for reconnaissance purposes. MOL evolved into a single-use laboratory, with which crews would be launched on 40-day missions and return to Earth using a Gemini B spacecraft, derived from NASA's Project Gemini. The MOL program was announced to the public on 10 December 1963 as an inhabited platform to prove the utility of putting people in space for military missions. Astronauts selected for the program were later told of the reconnaissance mission for the program. The contractor for the MOL was the Douglas Aircraft Company. The Gemini B was externally similar to NASA's Gemini spacecraft, although it underwent several modifications, including the addition of a circular hatch through the heat shield, which allowed passage between the spacecraft and the laboratory. MOL was canceled in 1969, during the height of the Apollo program, when it was shown that uncrewed reconnaissance satellites could achieve the same objectives much more cost-effectively. U.S. space station development was instead pursued with the civilian NASA Skylab (Apollo Applications Program) which flew in the mid-1970s. In the 1970s, the Soviet Union launched three Almaz military space stations, similar in intent to the MOL, but cancelled the program in 1977 for the same reasons. There is a MOL space suit on display at the Oklahoma City Science Museum, presumably never used.
  • 1.9K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Carbon Footprint Initiatives
One of the most significant environmental aspects is the issue of climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions generated by human activities. Given the importance of this topic, this paper gathers initiatives and methodologies that have been undertaken to calculate and reduce CO2 emissions and climate change effects. After studying these methodologies, their strengths and opportunities for further enhancement have been analyzed. 
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Neuro-Monitoring in Intravenous Anaesthesia
The monitoring of hypnosis depth by means of electroencephalogram-based (EEG-based) systems is emerging in paediatric anaesthesia common practice. This monitor system measures specific EEG signs which derive from anaesthetic-induced changes in neuronal firing.
  • 1.9K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Liver
The liver plays a key role in systemic metabolic processes, which include detoxification, synthesis, storage, and export of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. The raising trends of obesity and metabolic disorders worldwide is often associated with the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which has become the most frequent type of chronic liver disorder with risk of progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver mitochondria play a key role in degrading the pathways of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and xenobiotics, and to provide energy for the body cells. The morphological and functional integrity of mitochondria guarantee the proper functioning of β-oxidation of free fatty acids and of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
  • 1.9K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
LoRaWAN Communication Protocols
Long range wide area networks (LoRaWANs) have recently received intense scientific, research, and industrial interest. LoRaWANs play a pivotal role in Internet of Things (IoT) applications due to their capability to offer large coverage without sacrificing the energy efficiency and, thus the battery life, of end-devices. Most published contributions assume that LoRaWAN gateways (GWs) are plugged into the energy grid; thus, neglecting the network lifetime constraint due to power storage limitations. However, there are several verticals, including precision agriculture, forest protection, and others, in which it is difficult or even impossible to connect the GW to the power grid or to perform battery replacement at the end-devices. Consequently, maximizing the networks’ energy efficiency is expected to have a crucial impact on maximizing the network lifetime.
  • 1.9K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Pig-Footed Bandicoot
The pig-footed bandicoot (Chaeropus ecaudatus) was a small marsupial of the arid and semi-arid plains of Australia . The distribution range of the species was later reduced to an inland desert region, where it was last recorded in the 1950s; it is now presumed to be extinct.
  • 1.9K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Orbital Effects on Climate
There are various solar/celestial effects that exist which have an effect on Earth's climate. These effects usually occur in cycles, and primarily include how Earth's obliquity, the eccentricity of Earth's orbit, and the precession of the equinoxes and solstices affect Earth's climate. In addition to these effects, there are also other factors that have an effect on Earth's climate. These other factors include how sun activity affects climate and how celestial phenomena, such as meteors, affect Earth's climate. Some of these factors aren't yet well understood, for instance the ice ages occur on 100,000 year cycles, and it's not completely understood why the various effects with this periodicity have such a strong effect on glaciation (see the 100,000-year problem).
  • 1.9K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Effects of Growth Environment on Lemna minor
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels can have negative impacts on food security through effects on plant photosynthesis, productivity, and nutritional quality, especially in the presence of additional environmental stressors. This entry presents a multi-factorial analysis of how differing levels of atmospheric CO2 and mineral nutrient supply affect productivity and nutritional quality of the aquatic floating plant Lemna minor (common duckweed) in the presence or absence of its microbiome. Elevated CO2 in combination with low nutrient supply decreased plant area-expansion rate and increased biomass accumulation, with minimal negative impacts on protein-to-biomass ratio but stronger declines in the content of essential human micronutrients. Inoculation with plant-associated microorganisms restored area-expansion rate and further stimulated accumulation of biomass with an unaltered protein-to-biomass ratio compared to uninoculated plants under a combination of elevated CO2 and low nutrient supply. Under ample nutrient supply, inoculation ameliorated the declines in micronutrient content induced by elevated CO2. These findings add additional insight into possible roles of duckweed in sustainable systems and support a role for the plant microbiome in protecting plant productivity and nutritional quality in a manner that varies with specific growth conditions and plant traits. This understanding is relevant in both agricultural and natural contexts during a time of rapid environmental change.
  • 1.9K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Frankincense Extracts
Boswellia serrata counts among the most intensively studied anti-inflammatory medicinal plants with more than 650 publications recorded in the PubMed literature database up to now. In folk medicine lipophilic frankincense extracts are used as alternatives to anti-inflammatory steroidal drugs (i.e., glucocorticoids) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the treatment of diseases associated with inflammation like rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and inflammatory bowel diseases.
  • 1.9K
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Plant SWEET Family of Sugar Transporters
The SWEET (sugars will eventually be exported transporter) family was identified as a new class of sugar transporters that function as bidirectional uniporters/facilitators and facilitate the diffusion of sugars across cell membranes along a concentration gradient. SWEETs are found widely in plants and play central roles in many biochemical processes, including the phloem loading of sugar for long-distance transport, pollen nutrition, nectar secretion, seed fifilling, fruit development, plant–pathogen interactions and responses to abiotic stress.
  • 1.9K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
C5 Complement Pathway
Complement 5 (C5) protein, the cleavage of which is mediated by the serine proteases C5 convertases to generate two different fragments: C5a, which is a potent chemoattractant and pro-inflammatory modulator, and C5b, which initiates the formation of MAC, mediating cell lysis and triggering inflammation.
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Phenolic Compounds from Australian Grown Bananas
Bananas are an essential source of staple food and fruit worldwide and are widely regarded as the world’s largest fruit crop, with more than 100 million tons total annual production. Banana peel, a by-product that represents about 40% of the entire banana’s weight, and pulp are rich in bioactive compounds and have a high antioxidant capacity.
  • 1.9K
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Virtual Reality and Language Learning
Although VR technology can provide an ideal learning and application environment for learners’ language skill acquisition, the learning performance of different types of learners in virtual environments and differences in their knowledge transfer ability from the virtual to the real environment still need further discussion. In addition, the cognitive style and test environment have an impact on the effect of VR-based oral learning. 
  • 1.9K
  • 12 Nov 2021
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