Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Animal and Plant Protein Oxidation
Protein oxidation, a phenomenon that was not well recognized previously but now better under-stood, is a complex chemical process occurring ubiquitously in food systems and can be induced by processing treatments as well. While early research concentrated on muscle protein oxidation, later investigations included plant, milk, and egg proteins. The process of protein oxidation involves both radicals and nonradicals, and amino acid side chain groups are usually the site of initial oxidant attack which generates protein carbonyls, disulfide, dityrosine, and protein radicals. The ensuing alteration of protein conformational structures and formation of protein polymers and aggregates can result in significant changes in solubility and functionality, such as gelation, emulsification, foaming, and water-holding. Oxidant dose-dependent effects have been widely reported, i.e., mild-to-moderate oxidation may enhance the functionality while strong oxidation leads to insolubilization and functionality losses. Therefore, controlling the extent of protein oxidation in both animal and plant protein foods through oxidative and antioxidative strategies has been of wide interest in model system as well in in situ studies.
  • 1.9K
  • 13 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Electrospun Medicated Nanofibers for Wound Healing
The electrospun nanofiber membrane has a unique structure and biological function similar to the extracellular matrix (ECM), and is considered an advanced wound dressing. They have significant potential in encapsulating and delivering active substances that promote wound healing. 
  • 1.9K
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Current Advancements in Biomethanation of H2 and CO2
Sustainable and renewable energy production is a global priority. Over the past decade, several Power-to-X (PtX) technologies have been proposed to store and convert the surplus of renewable energies into chemical bonds of chemicals produced by different processes. CO2 is a major contributor to climate change, yet it is also an undervalued source of carbon that could be recycled and represents an opportunity to generate renewable energy. 
  • 1.9K
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Solid State Ionics
Solid-state ionics is the study of ionic-electronic mixed conductor and fully ionic conductors (solid electrolytes) and their uses. Some materials that fall into this category include inorganic crystalline and polycrystalline solids, ceramics, glasses, polymers, and composites. Solid-state ionic devices, such as solid oxide fuel cells, can be much more reliable and long-lasting, especially under harsh conditions, than comparable devices with fluid electrolytes. The field of solid-state ionics was first developed in Europe, starting with the work of Michael Faraday on solid electrolytes Ag2S and PbF2 in 1834. Fundamental contributions were later made by Walther Nernst, who derived the Nernst equation and detected ionic conduction in heterovalently doped zirconia, which he applied in his Nernst lamp. Another major step forward was the characterization of silver iodide in 1914. Around 1930, the concept of point defects was established by Yakov Frenkel, Walter Schottky and Carl Wagner, including the development of point-defect thermodynamics by Schottky and Wagner; this helped explain ionic and electronic transport in ionic crystals, ion-conducting glasses, polymer electrolytes and nanocomposites. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, solid-state ionics focused on the synthesis and characterization of novel solid electrolytes and their applications in solid state battery systems, fuel cells and sensors. The term solid state ionics was coined in 1967 by Takehiko Takahashi, but did not become widely used until the 1980s, with the emergence of the journal Solid State Ionics. The first international conference on this topic was held in 1972 in Belgirate, Italy, under the name "Fast Ion Transport in Solids, Solid State Batteries and Devices".
  • 1.9K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Fungal Light Responses
Organisms have developed different features to capture or sense sunlight. Vertebrates have evolved specialized organs (eyes) which contain a variety of photosensor cells that help them to see the light to aid orientation. Opsins are major photoreceptors found in the vertebrate eye. Fungi, with more than five million estimated members, represent an important clade of living organisms which have important functions for the sustainability of life on our planet. Light signalling regulates a range of developmental and metabolic processes including asexual sporulation, sexual fruit body formation, pigment and carotenoid production and even production of secondary metabolites. Fungi have adopted three groups of photoreceptors: (I) blue light receptors, White Collars, vivid, cryptochromes, blue F proteins and DNA photolyases, (II) red light sensors, phytochromes and (III) green light sensors and microbial rhodopsins.
  • 1.9K
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Helicobacter pylori and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Phytochemicals are plant secondary metabolites that show health benefits for humans due to their bioactivity. There is a huge variety of phytochemicals that have already been identified, and these compounds can act as antimicrobial and neuroprotection agents. Due to their anti-microbial activity and neuroprotection, several phytochemicals might have the potency to be used as natural therapeutic agents, especially for Helicobacter pylori infection and neurodegenerative disease, which have become a global health concern nowadays.
  • 1.9K
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts
The bone is a complex organ that is dependent on a tight regulation between bone formation by osteoblasts (OBs) and bone resorption by osteoclasts (OCs). The OC is a multinucleated giant cell, arising from the fusion of many mononuclear OC precursors with a myeloid/monocyte origin. Differently from OCs, OBs arise from pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The main function of OBs is the synthesis of new bone matrix. Bone metabolism is regulated by various hormones or cytokines and dysregulation in this complex system can lead to numerous diseases characterized either by enhanced bone resorption (osteoporotic phenotype) or enhanced bone formation (osteopetrotic phenotype).
  • 1.9K
  • 09 May 2021
Topic Review
Role of Mitochondria in Neuroinflammation
Innate immune response is one of our primary defense against pathogens infection, although, if dysregulated, it represents the leading cause of chronic tissue inflammation. This dualism is even more present in the central nervous system, where neuroinflammation is both important for the activation of reparatory mechanisms and, at the same time, leads to the release of detrimental factors that induce neurons loss. Key players in modulating the neuroinflammatory response are mitochondria. They are responsible for a variety of cell mechanism that control tissue homeostasis, such as autophagy, apoptosis, energy production and also inflammation. Accordingly, it is widely recognized that mitochondria exert a pivotal role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, since the neurodegenerative process is highly based on neuroinflammation and tissue damage. Interestingly, it has been suggested that neuroinflammation, and thus mitochondria (dys)function, have a fundamental role in neurodegenerative diseases and also in acute brain damage, such in ischemic stroke and epileptic seizures.
  • 1.9K
  • 07 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Metallophthalocyanines
Since the serendipitous discovery of phthalocyanines (Pcs), at the beginning of the 20th century, growing attention has been devoted to the ubiquitous catalytic properties and applications of Pcs and Pcs coordinated with metal ions, Metallophthalocyanines (MPcs). In fact, these old synthetic dyes have been very attractive in the view of academic research, but mainly for catalytic industrial purposes as these dyes are easily accessible on a large scale, are robust under harsh reaction conditions, show high activity, and can be recovered and recycled. The success and diversity of MPcs as catalysts over different substrates are mostly attributed to their high structural flexibility in terms of metals and electronic properties of the phthalocyanine ligands.
  • 1.9K
  • 20 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Role of TCA Cycle-Related Enzymes in Human Diseases
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the citrate acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions to form energy required for cellular function through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. There are eight enzymes in the TCA cycle that oxidize acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), and genetic or non-genetic alterations in these enzymes are closely associated with human diseases, especially cancer and neurodegeneration, but the role of these eight enzymes remains unclear.
  • 1.9K
  • 09 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Changes in Homeostasis of the Dermal Extracellular Matrix
Skin aging is a multi-factorial process that affects nearly every aspect of skin biology and function. With age, an impairment of structures, quality characteristics, and functions of the dermal extracellular matrix (ECM) occurs in the skin, which leads to disrupted functioning of dermal fibroblasts (DFs), the main cells supporting morphofunctional organization of the skin. The DF functioning directly depends on the state of the surrounding collagen matrix (CM). The intact collagen matrix ensures proper adhesion and mechanical tension in DFs, which allows these cells to maintain collagen homeostasis while ECM correctly regulates cellular processes. When the integrity of CM is destroyed, mechanotransduction is disrupted, which is accompanied by impairment of DF functioning and destruction of collagen homeostasis, thereby contributing to the progression of aging processes in skin tissues. 
  • 1.9K
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Bulgarian Traditional Dry-Cured Meat Products
Artisan food production, with its unique flavors, is a source of knowledge about sustainable use of natural resources. This is because it reflects the skills of local communities in utilizing these resources (e.g., wild and cultivated plants and autochthonous breeds) under specific environmental conditions for a long period of time. Therefore, the use of local ingredients and the reduction in food miles make traditional food a safer, healthier and more ecofriendly choice for consumers. In the present research, the researchers examined the herbal ingredients in Bulgarian dry-cured meats and discuss their contribution to the flavor and durability of the products. 
  • 1.9K
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Carbon Dioxide for Combined Cycle Power Plants
The use of combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plants allows the most efficient conversion of the chemical heat of fossil fuels for generating electric power. In turn, the combined cycle efficiency is largely dependent on the working flow temperature upstream of a gas turbine.
  • 1.9K
  • 19 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Evolution of Cognition
Evolution of cognition is the idea that life on earth has gone from organisms with little to no cognitive function to a greatly varying display of cognitive function that we see in organisms today. Animal cognition is largely studied by observing behavior, which makes studying extinct species difficult. The definition of cognition varies by discipline; psychologists tend define cognition by human behaviors, while ethologists have widely varying definitions. Ethological definitions of cognition range from only considering cognition in animals to be behaviors exhibited in humans, while others consider anything action involving a nervous system to be cognitive.
  • 1.9K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Microbial Fermentation for Legumes
Microbial fermentation is a sustainable method of producing wholesome, nutritious, aesthetically pleasing, and high-quality food products. This technology has been employed for millennia to enhance the functional properties of food, as well as its shelf life, safety, transportability, palatability, and organoleptic properties, including texture, color, aroma, mouthfeel and overall acceptability and also for the reduction of antinutritional factors (ANF) such as phytic acid, tannins, and protease inhibitors. Fermentation can also enhance the protein quality of legumes (seeds, flour, protein concentrates, and protein isolates) by increasing the content of essential amino acids, such as lysine and methionine, and promoting the synthesis of bioactive peptides with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. The process of fermentation can be broadly categorized into traditional and modern fermentation methods.
  • 1.9K
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
EU Road Transport Carbon Emissions
To accomplish the 1.5 °C and 2 °C climate change targets, the European Union (EU) has set up several policy initiatives. Within the EU, the carbon emissions of the road transport sector from the consumption of diesel and gasoline are constantly rising. (1) Background: due to road transport policies, diesel and gasoline use within the EU is increasing the amount of carbon in the atmosphere and adding to climate risks. (2) Methods: sustainability analysis used was based on the method recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (3) Results: to meet its road transport requirements, the EU produces an estimated 0.237–0.245 billion tonnes of carbon per year from its total consumption of diesel and gasoline. (4) Conclusion: if there is no significant reduction in diesel and gasoline carbon emissions, there is a real risk that the EU’s carbon budget commitment could lapse and that climate change targets will not be met. Sustainability analysis of energy consumption in road transport sector shows the optimum solution is the direct electrification of road transport. 
  • 1.9K
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Energy Recovery in Road Vehicles
The main reasons for reducing energy losses in motor vehicles is to reduce the fuel consumption of motor vehicles and thus reduce emissions, reducing the consumption of consumables and increasing the efficiency and reliability of vehicles. Part of the recovered lost energy can be used to cover the demand of other vehicle electronic systems. Automotive energy harvesting systems are usually employed to increase overall vehicle efficiency. The main directions of recovery of energy lost in vehicles are heat energy losses, the energy obtained from the vehicle braking process and the energy derived from damping vibrations in the vehicle suspension system. 
  • 1.9K
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Induction of heme oxygenase-1 Expression
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) catalyzes the degradation of heme molecules releasing equimolar amounts of biliverdin, iron and carbon monoxide. Its expression is induced in response to stress signals such as reactive oxygen species and inflammatory mediators with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive consequences for the host. Interestingly, several intracellular pathogens responsible for major human diseases have been shown to be powerful inducers of HO-1 expression in both host cells and in vivo. Studies have shown that this HO-1 response can be either host detrimental by impairing pathogen control or host beneficial by limiting infection induced inflammation and tissue pathology. These properties make HO-1 an attractive target for host-directed therapy (HDT) of the diseases in question, many of which have been difficult to control using conventional antibiotic approaches.
  • 1.9K
  • 10 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Cosmetic Science
In June 2020, the long-waited “Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Cosmetics” (CSAR) was finally issued by the State Council of China, and this regulation will be implemented from 1 January 2021 [1]. CSAR is the first-time revision and replacement of the “Regulations on Hygiene Supervision of Cosmetics” (CHSR), which was published in 1989. During the past 30 years, substantial changes have happened both in the industry and in consumer needs, and the market has increased significantly. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 1,800,000 valid cosmetic products in China currently in 2020. In addition, new techniques and approaches have appeared, and the concepts of supervision and administration have evolved.
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Hyaluronic acid-based theranostic nanomedicines
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural mucopolysaccharide and has many useful advantages, including biocompatibility, non-immunogenicity, chemical versatility, non-toxicity, biodegradability, and high hydrophilicity. Numerous tumor cells overexpress several receptors that have a high binding affinity for HA, while these receptors are poorly expressed in normal body cells. HA-based drug delivery carriers can offer improved solubility and stability of anticancer drugs in biological environments and allow for the targeting of cancer treatments. Based on these benefits, HA has been widely investigated as a promising material for developing the advanced clinical cancer therapies in various formulations, including nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes, and hydrogels, combined with other materials.
  • 1.9K
  • 31 Dec 2020
  • Page
  • of
  • 2799
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback