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Topic Review
Coccidioides Species
Coccidioidomycosis is an important pathogenic fungal infection in much of the desert and semi-arid regions of the Western hemisphere. The incidence of the disease is increasing in both California and Arizona. Although not all infections result in clinical illness, the infection frequently causes serious disease in immunocompetent people and even self-limited coccidioidomycosis can be a prolonged illness requiring anti-fungal therapy. Coccidioidomycosis is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in the endemic area that is frequently misdiagnosed, and the cost of the disease is substantial. In patients where the infection is not self-limited, the disease can spread to skin, bone, and the central nervous system among many other organs. Although disseminated disease is unusual, it occurs in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised people, is frequently difficult to treat, and can be fatal. Prolonged treatment is usually required, and meningitis requires life-long therapy.
  • 1.9K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Borealopelta
Borealopelta (meaning "Northern shield") is a genus of nodosaurid ankylosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada . It contains a single species, B. markmitchelli, named in 2017 by Caleb Brown and colleagues from a well-preserved specimen known as the Suncor nodosaur. Discovered at an oil sands mine north of Fort McMurray, Alberta, that is owned by the Suncor Energy company, the specimen is remarkable for being among the best preserved dinosaur fossils of its size ever found. It preserved not only the armor (osteoderms) in their life positions, but also remains of their keratin sheaths and overlying skin. Melanosomes were also found that indicate a countershaded reddish skin tone.
  • 1.9K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Chemical and Sensory Characteristics of Fruit Juice
The intake of fruit has a notable effect on the prevention of signs of aging, cardiovascular diseases, cataracts, and strokes, presenting anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective properties. In addition, fruit juices are considered alternative food products, being developed as probiotic substrates as an alternative to dairy products. Because they are well accepted by consumers and have a high nutritional value with positive health effects, fruit juices are ideal vehicles for probiotics.
  • 1.9K
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Electroencephalography in Schizophrenia
Electroencephalography (EEG) provides a non-invasive tool for the study of the brain’s temporal and spatial register of electric activity. Schizophrenia is a complex and heterogeneous disease, manifesting deficits that underlie many overlapping pathological mechanisms distributed across multiple brain regions. Patients with schizophrenia have sensory processing deficits and high-level attention-dependent cognitive deficits. These deficits can be assessed by the time-locked EEG activity in stimuli called ERPs and extracting the features. EEG oscillations are considered biomarkers or features of complex states in health and schizophrenia persons. The oscillatory activity of the EEG in schizophrenia patients indicates abnormal temporal integration and interregional connectivity of brain networks during neurocognitive function. EEG signal analysis can be performed in the time, frequency, and time–frequency domains.
  • 1.9K
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Energy Recovery in Road Vehicles
The main reasons for reducing energy losses in motor vehicles is to reduce the fuel consumption of motor vehicles and thus reduce emissions, reducing the consumption of consumables and increasing the efficiency and reliability of vehicles. Part of the recovered lost energy can be used to cover the demand of other vehicle electronic systems. Automotive energy harvesting systems are usually employed to increase overall vehicle efficiency. The main directions of recovery of energy lost in vehicles are heat energy losses, the energy obtained from the vehicle braking process and the energy derived from damping vibrations in the vehicle suspension system. 
  • 1.9K
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Endogenous Retroviruses Activity in Mouse
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are genetic elements resulting from relics of ancestral infection of germline cells, now recognized in human as cofactors in the etiology of several complex diseases as neurodevelopmental disorders. Autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, and schizophrenia are neurodevelopmental disorders, currently attributed to the interplay among genetic vulnerability, environmental risk factors, and maternal immune activation. The role of ERVs in human embryogenesis, their intrinsic responsiveness to external stimuli, and the interaction with the immune system support the involvement of ERVs in the derailed neurodevelopmental process. Although definitive proofs that ERVs are involved in neurobehavioral alterations are still lacking, both preclinical models and human studies indicate that the abnormal expression of ERVs could represent a neurodevelopmental disorders-associated biological trait.
  • 1.9K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Zinc and autophagy in AMD
Zinc supplementation is reported to slow down the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), but there is no general consensus on the beneficiary effect on zinc in AMD. As zinc can stimulate autophagy that is declined in AMD, it is rational to assume that it can slow down its progression. As melanosomes are the main reservoir of zinc in the retina, zinc may decrease the number of lipofuscin granules that are substrates for autophagy. The triad zinc–autophagy–AMD could explain some controversies associated with population studies on zinc supplementation in AMD as the effect of zinc on AMD may be modulated by genetic background. This aspect was not determined in many studies regarding zinc in AMD. Zinc deficiency induces several events associated with AMD pathogenesis, including increased oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and the resulting lipofuscinogenesis. The latter requires autophagy, which is impaired. This is a vicious cycle-like reaction that may contribute to AMD progression. Promising results with zinc deficiency and supplementation in AMD patients and animal models, as well as emerging evidence of the importance of autophagy in AMD, are the rationale for future research on the role of autophagy in the role of zinc supplementation in AMD.
  • 1.9K
  • 30 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Therapies for Treating HER2-Positive Advanced Breast Cancer
The advent of anti-HER2 targeted therapies has dramatically improved the outcome of HER2-positive breast cancer; however, resistance to treatment in the metastatic setting remains a challenge, highlighting the need for novel therapies. The arrival of new treatment options and clinical trials examining the efficacy of novel agents may improve outcomes in the metastatic setting, including in patients with brain metastases. In the first-line setting, the researchers can potentially cure a selected number of patients treated with pertuzumab + trastuzumab + taxane. In the second-line setting, clinical trials show that trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) is a highly effective option, resulting in a shift from trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) as the previous standard of care. Moreover, the researchers now have data for patients with brain metastases to show that tucatinib + trastuzumab + capecitabine can improve survival in this higher-risk group and be an effective regimen for all patients in the third-line setting. Finally, the researchers have a number of effective anti-HER2 therapies that can be used in subsequent lines of therapy to improve patient outcomes. 
  • 1.9K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Online Payment System Adoption Factors during COVID-19
Turkey’s e-commerce market is rapidly expanding, and the country is ranked first in the world in monthly mobile purchases. The factors that influence the adoption of online payments systems among the customers of a Turkish bank during the COVID-19 pandemic was determined. The research model extends the technology acceptance model (TAM) by further examining the impact of 11 factors on attitude, behavioral intention and actual usage. The results suggest a strong influence of these factors on attitude and behavioral intention. Relative advantage, perceived trust, perceived usefulness, personal innovativeness, perceived integrity, perceived ease of use, health and epidemic effects, income, private sector employment and self-employment all have a positive effect on actual online payment system usage. However, perceived risk and age have a negative impact on the actual online payment system usage.
  • 1.9K
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Mobile Web
The mobile web, also known as mobile internet, refers to browser-based Internet services accessed from handheld mobile devices, such as smartphones or feature phones, through a mobile or other wireless network. Traditionally, the World Wide Web has been accessed via fixed-line services on laptops and desktop computers. However, the web is now more accessible by portable and wireless devices. An early 2010 ITU (International Telecommunication Union) report said that with current growth rates, web access by people on the go – via laptops and smart mobile devices – is likely to exceed web access from desktop computers within the next five years. In January 2014, mobile internet use exceeded desktop use in the United States. The shift to mobile web access has accelerated since 2007 with the rise of larger multitouch smartphones, and since 2010 with the rise of multitouch tablet computers. Both platforms provide better Internet access, screens, and mobile browsers, or application-based user web experiences, than previous generations of mobile devices. Web designers may work separately on such pages, or pages may be automatically converted, as in Mobile Wikipedia. Faster speeds, smaller, feature-rich devices, and a multitude of applications continue to drive explosive growth for mobile internet traffic. The 2017 Virtual Network Index (VNI) report produced by Cisco Systems forecasts that by 2021, there will be 5.5 billion global mobile users (up from 4.9 billion in 2016). Additionally, the same 2017 VNI report forecasts that average access speeds will increase by roughly 3 times from 6.8 Mbit/s to 20 Mbit/s in that same time span with video comprising the bulk of the traffic (78%). The distinction between mobile web applications and native applications is anticipated to become increasingly blurred, as mobile browsers gain direct access to the hardware of mobile devices (including accelerometers and GPS chips), and the speed and abilities of browser-based applications improve. Persistent storage and access to sophisticated user interface graphics functions may further reduce the need for the development of platform-specific native applications. The mobile web has also been called Web 3.0, drawing parallels to the changes users were experiencing as Web 2.0 websites proliferated. Mobile web access today still suffers from interoperability and usability problems. Interoperability issues stem from the platform fragmentation of mobile devices, mobile operating systems, and browsers. Usability problems are centered on the small physical size of the mobile phone form factors (limits on display resolution and user input/operating). Despite these shortcomings, many mobile developers choose to create apps using mobile web. A June 2011 research on mobile development found mobile web the third most used platform, trailing Android and iOS. In an article in Communications of the ACM in April 2013, Web technologist Nicholas C. Zakas, noted that mobile phones in use in 2013 were more powerful than Apollo 11's 70 lb (32 kg) Apollo Guidance Computer used in the July 1969 lunar landing. However, in spite of their power, in 2013, mobile devices still suffer from web performance with slow connections similar to the 1996 stage of web development. Mobile devices with slower download request/response times, the latency of over-the-air data transmission, with "high-latency connections, slower CPUs, and less memory" force developers to rethink web applications created for desktops with "wired connections, fast CPUs, and almost endless memory." The mobile web was first popularized by a silicon valley company known as Unwired Planet. In 1997, Unwired Planet, Nokia, Ericsson, and Motorola started the WAP Forum to create and harmonize the standards to ease the transition to bandwidth networks and small display devices. The WAP standard was built on a three-layer, middleware architecture that fueled the early growth of the mobile web, but was made virtually irrelevant with faster networks, larger displays, and advanced smartphones based on Apple's iOS and Google's Android software.
  • 1.9K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Impact of ERP on Business Efficiency
This entry examines the impact of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems on business efficiency and productivity. We will delve into how ERP streamlines workflows, improves data accessibility, and ultimately enhances a company's overall operational effectiveness. By understanding these aspects, businesses can gain valuable insights into the potential of ERP to transform their operations and achieve a competitive edge.
  • 1.9K
  • 02 Jan 2025
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
CRISPR/Cas9 in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Genome-editing systems such as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology have uncovered new opportunities to model diseases such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia. CRISPR/Cas9 is an important means of advancing functional studies of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) through the incorporation, elimination and modification of somatic mutations in CLL models.
  • 1.9K
  • 09 May 2022
Topic Review
Mucopolysaccharidosis-Plus Syndrome
Mucopolysaccharidosis-plus syndrome (MPSPS) is a novel disease of impaired glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) metabolism without deficiency of known lysosomal enzymes. MPSPS, whose pathophysiology is not elucidated, is an autosomal recessive multisystem disorder caused by a specific mutation p.R498W in the VPS33A gene. Clinical features of MPSPS patients are similar to conventional mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS). In addition to typical symptoms for conventional MPS, MPSPS patients developed other features such as congenital heart defects, renal and hematopoietic disorders. Diagnosis generally requires evidence of clinical picture similar to MPS and molecular genetic testing. Disease is very severe, prognosis is unfavorable and most of patients died at age of 10–20 months. Currently there is no specific therapy for this disease and clinical management is limited to supportive and symptomatic treatment.
  • 1.9K
  • 31 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Celiac Disease
Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic enteropathy that develops in genetically susceptible individuals after the ingestion of gluten. There has been a substantial increase in CD prevalence in the last 50 years, and it is now estimated that this disease affects approximately 1% of the population in the Western world. In the large majority of cases, CD is a benign disease, characterized by the complete resolution of symptoms and a normal life expectancy after the onset of a gluten-free diet (GFD). However, failure to adhere to a strict GFD bears the risk of adverse events and increases mortality. A considerable number of studies have considered the possible association between CD and neoplasms. In particular, an increased risk of malignancies, such as cancers of the gastrointestinal tract and intestinal lymphomas, has been reported. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current evidence on the possible association between CD and cancer.
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease
The main protease (Mpro) of the newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was subjected to hyphenated pharmacophoric-based and structural-based virtual screenings using a library of microbial natural products (>24,000 compounds). Subsequent filtering of the resulted hits according to Lipinski’s rules was applied to select only the drug-like molecules. Top-scoring hits were further filtered out depending on their ability to show constant good binding affinities towards the molecular dynamic simulation (MDS)-derived enzyme’s conformers. Final MDS experiments were performed on the ligand-protein complexes to verify their binding modes and calculate their binding free energy. Consequently, a final selection of six compounds of microbial origin was proposed to possess high potential as anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug candidates. Our study provides insight into the role of the Mpro structural flexibility during interactions with the possible inhibitors and sheds light on the structure-based design of anti-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) therapeutics targeting SARS-CoV-2
  • 1.9K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells
Since its invention in 2009, Perovskite solar cell (PSC) has attracted great attention because of its low cost, numerous options of efficiency enhancement, ease of manufacturing and high-performance. Within a short span of time, the PSC has already outperformed thin-film and multicrystalline silicon solar cells. A current certified efficiency of 25.2% demonstrates that it has the potential to replace its forerunner generations. However, to commercialize PSCs, some problems need to be addressed. The toxic nature of lead which is the major component of light absorbing layer, and inherited stability issues of fabricated devices are the major hurdles in the industrialization of this technology. Therefore, new researching areas focus on the lead-free metal halide perovskites with analogous optical and photovoltaic performances. Tin being nontoxic and as one of group IV(A) elements, is considered as the most suitable alternate for lead because of their similarities in chemical properties. Efficiencies exceeding 13% have been recorded using Tin halide perovskite based devices. This review summarizes progress made so far in this field, mainly focusing on the stability and photovoltaic performances. Role of different cations and their composition on device performances and stability have been involved and discussed. With a considerable room for enhancement of both efficiency and device stability, different optimized strategies reported so far have also been presented. Finally, the future developing trends and prospects of the PSCs are analyzed and forecasted.
  • 1.9K
  • 14 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Atherosclerosis
Macrophages are key target immune cells in atherosclerosis. A hallmark of atherosclerosis is the accumulation of pro-inflammatory macrophages in coronary arteries that respond to pro-atherogenic stimuli and failure of digesting lipids that contribute to foam cell formation in atherosclerotic plaques.
  • 1.9K
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Interactions between Atmospheric Oxygen and MoS2 Crystals
MoS2 belongs to a class of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). TMDCs share a common formula MeX2, where Me is a transition metal element from group four (Ti, Zr, Hf), five (V, Nb or Ta) or six (Mo, W), and X is a chalcogen (S, Se or Te). Their crystalline structure comprises an inner Me layer sandwiched by two X layers. Herein, thermal oxidation of the microscopic MoS2 flakes is reviewed. An impact of relative humidity is also mentioned.
  • 1.9K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Christian Chinese cloisonné
Cloisonné is the technique of creating designs on metal vessels with colored-glass paste placed within enclosures made of copper or bronze wires, which have been bent or hammered into the desired pattern. Known as cloisons (French for “partitions”), the enclosures generally are either pasted or soldered onto the metal body. The first written reference of Cloisonné in China is in Cao Zhao’s Gegu yaolun (格古要論)), or Important discussions about assessing antiques (1388), where it is called “Dashi (‘Muslim’) ware”. However, the oldest known pieces in China correspond to the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Similarly, in Cao Zhao’s book, cloisonné was associated with the trousseau of elite ladies, but was not yet considered appropriate for the art collection of refined literati. In Chinese cloisonné, blue is the predominant color, and the Chinese name for the technique is jingtailan (“blue Jingtai objects”) referring to Emperor Jingtai (r. 1449–1457), in whose times the production of these objects flourished. By the late Ming Dynasty, cloisonné passed from the trousseau of the Chinese elite ladies and Buddhist temples to the collections of the literati as an exquisite object to integrate into the Chinese artistic tradition. What is more, it was even part of sets of offerings in Confucian mausoleums and in the halls of representation of power in the Forbidden City. To achieve the definitive implantation of Christianity in China, since the 17th century the Jesuit missionaries used the adaptationist method in their preaching and artistic practices to be able to empathize with Chinese audiences. Thus, they used Western models, but adaptingadapted to the visual language and the ornamental and symbolic motifs of the Chinese artistic tradition. In any case, the Jesuits aimed to convert the elites first. To do this, they used artistic and literary means already established in the Chinese culture of the literati, such as cloisonné precious objects and Chinese inscriptions. Thus, these objects of art are not only situated within a dialogue between the West and the East but also within the stratification of the Chinese society that the Jesuits took into consideration.
  • 1.9K
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Layers
Molecular imprinting (MI) is the most available and known method to produce artificial recognition sites, similar to antibodies, inside or at the surface of a polymeric material.
  • 1.9K
  • 29 Mar 2022
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