Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 The available data suggest that adults with CD have an overall risk of developing intestinal lymphoma and small bowel carcinoma slightly increased as compared to the general population. + 3951 word(s) 3951 2020-06-15 09:41:45 |
2 update layout and reference -1335 word(s) 2616 2020-06-24 08:28:50 | |
3 Increase the exposure -8 word(s) 2608 2020-10-27 04:25:58 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Marafini, I.; Monteleone, G.; Stolfi, C. Celiac Disease. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/1118 (accessed on 03 December 2024).
Marafini I, Monteleone G, Stolfi C. Celiac Disease. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/1118. Accessed December 03, 2024.
Marafini, Irene, Giovanni Monteleone, Carmine Stolfi. "Celiac Disease" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/1118 (accessed December 03, 2024).
Marafini, I., Monteleone, G., & Stolfi, C. (2020, June 17). Celiac Disease. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/1118
Marafini, Irene, et al. "Celiac Disease." Encyclopedia. Web. 17 June, 2020.
Celiac Disease
Edit

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic enteropathy that develops in genetically susceptible individuals after the ingestion of gluten. There has been a substantial increase in CD prevalence in the last 50 years, and it is now estimated that this disease affects approximately 1% of the population in the Western world. In the large majority of cases, CD is a benign disease, characterized by the complete resolution of symptoms and a normal life expectancy after the onset of a gluten-free diet (GFD). However, failure to adhere to a strict GFD bears the risk of adverse events and increases mortality. A considerable number of studies have considered the possible association between CD and neoplasms. In particular, an increased risk of malignancies, such as cancers of the gastrointestinal tract and intestinal lymphomas, has been reported. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current evidence on the possible association between CD and cancer.

small bowel adenocarcinoma T-cell lymphoma colorectal cancer gluten refractory celiac disease HLA-DQ2 HLA-DQ8 gluten-free diet.

1. Introduction

The first association between CD and lymphoma goes back to 1937 when Fairley and Mackie described six patients with intestinal lymphoma and steatorrhea [1]. Since then, other reports followed and in 1986 the term enteropathy-associated T cell Lymphoma (EATL) was firstly used to identify the rare form of high-grade T-cell NHL of the upper small intestine, specifically associated with CD [2]. EATL is a rare form of cancer that predominantly occurs in patients in the seventh decade of age. Usually, EATL arises in patients with a diagnosis of CD, either pre-existing or made concomitantly [3][4]. EATL has an incidence rate of approximately 0.10 cases per 100,000 inhabitants/year, with a large prevalence in males compared to females [5]. The tumor is more frequently localized in the jejunum compared to the ileum and it is often multifocal with ulcerative lesions. EATL immune phenotype is characterized by the clonal proliferation of intraepithelial lymphocytes TCR α/β positive [6][7]. Several histological varieties are described, but most cases consist of medium-to-large-sized cells with a pleomorphic appearance and an increased mitotic index [8]. In many cases, but not necessarily, EATL is the end stage of RCD type 2. Since 2008, the World Health Organization (WHO) has identified a minority (<20%) of EATL that meets specific molecular criteria (for example, the expression of CD56) and is less often associated with CD [9].

A large study on CD-associated malignancy demonstrated that CD-associated lymphoma risk may not be as high as previously noted [10] (Table 1).

Table 1. Studies examining lymphoma risk in CD patients.

However, despite the magnitude of risk remain debatable, the unequivocal association between CD and lymphoma remains. This same study gives information on the positive role of GFD in the prevention of EATL development. Many studies provided evidence that prompt diagnosis and strict adherence to GFD may decrease cancer risk and mortality [10][11][12][13][14]. However, both EATL and other malignancies have been described in patients on a GFD as well [15]. This latter finding, which apparently denies the beneficial effect of a GFD, could be explained by the fact that these patients have been exposed for too many years to a gluten-containing diet in face of few years of GFD, and this could be insufficient to revert the effect of longstanding gluten exposure.

Some patients have disseminated disease at diagnosis, with extra-intestinal localizations. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, fever, lymphoadenopaty, hepatomegaly, and palpable abdominal mass. Upper and lower endoscopy, enteroscopy, and CT and MR enterography are part of the diagnostic work-up to diagnose and stage EATL. In some patients, laparoscopy can be necessary to reach a final diagnosis. The therapeutic management of EATL is particularly difficult and survival is poor (13% at 30 months) [3][19].

Some authors suggest that CD patients are at increased risk of malignant lymphomas other than EATL. In a large prospective cohort of CD patients, a six-fold increase in overall lymphoma risk was observed [10]. Histopathological analysis of 58 patients included in this study demonstrated that non-intestinal B cell and T cell NHLs constituted the majority of CD-associated malignant lymphomas [16]. Larger studies are, however, needed to confirm these observations.

2. CD-Associated Small Bowel Carcinoma

SBC is an extremely rare neoplasm that accounts for less than 5% of all gastrointestinal cancers [20]. It may occur either as a sporadic tumor or associated with predisposing inflammatory conditions. In Europe, SBC has an estimated incidence rate of 3600 new cases/year, with a median age in the seventh decade [20].

Many epidemiological studies and meta-analysis suggest that CD patients have a higher risk to develop SBC compared to the general population [15][21] (Table 2).

Table 2. Studies examining small bowel carcinoma risk in CD patients.

Accordingly, among all SBC, 13% are associated with a diagnosis of CD [3]. The first case of SBC in CD was described in 1972 and, from that on, many other reports followed up [22].

CD patients with a diagnosis of SBC usually have a median age between 53 to 62 years old. Risk factors for CD-associated SBC are not completely clear, but strict adherence to the GFD seems to have a protective role. In a large cohort study conducted in Sweden, the increased risk to develop gastrointestinal cancers in CD patients was completely abolished after one year from the diagnosis, suggesting a beneficial role of controlling intestinal inflammation [23]. On the other hand, SBCs have also been described in CD patients on a strict GFD, thus highlighting the importance of other predisposing factors in the development of this complication. It is noteworthy that the median age at diagnosis for CD patients with SBC was significantly higher than the median age at diagnosis for CD patients without malignancies [24][25]. This observation suggests that the diagnostic delay could play a role not only in the development of refractoriness and intestinal lymphoma but also in CD-associated SBC. Overall, apart from the age at diagnosis, a delay in the identification of CD, and poor adherence to the GFD, there are no other identified risk factors for the development of CD-associated SBC.

Considering the rarity of this tumor, molecular data are scarce. However, Vanoli and co-workers identified specific features of CD-related SBC in a large case series [24]. Compared to sporadic SBC and Crohn’s disease-associated SBC, CD-SBC was characterized by frequent microsatellite instability (MSI) and high density of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes [24]. The same group recently reported that two main molecular subtypes characterize CD-related SBC, the MSI-immune subtype, and the mesenchymal subtype, with the latter associated with prominent TGF-β production and matrix remodeling [26].

Some reports suggest that CD-associated SBC arise from the classic “adenoma-to-carcinoma sequence”, although this hypothesis is still highly debated [27]. In CD patients, the most frequently affected site is the jejunum as compared to the duodenum and ileum [28]. Time of onset and clinical presentation are largely variable. Some cohort studies reported a median onset time ranging from 1.4 to 17 years from CD diagnosis, whereas in some cases SBC and CD can be diagnosed at the same time [24]. Patients can present with direct or indirect signs of intestinal bleeding, such as overt hemorrhage, melena, coffee ground vomiting, and anemia, with obstructive symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain), or with intussusception or perforation [29]. In patients with known CD, in the presence of the abovementioned symptoms, SBC (together with other CD-related complications) must be suspected and investigated. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsy is usually the first exam to perform to identify lesions proximal to the Treitz ligament. However, since most CD-associated SBC are localized in the jejunum, other techniques, such as enteroscopy, CT enterography, and MR enterography, are often required [30]. On the other hand, small bowel capsule endoscopy is not recommended due to the risk of capsule retention and the impossibility to collect mucosal samples.

SBC prognosis is generally extremely poor. A retrospective study analyzing the records of 491 patients with a diagnosis of SBC, both sporadic and associated with predisposing conditions such as CD, showed a median overall survival of 20.1 months, with a 5-year overall survival of 26% [31]. Age at diagnosis, stage of the disease, and the presence of lymph nodes or distant metastases were the factors that most correlated with a poor outcome [32][33]. When CD-associated SBC was specifically assessed, survival was better compared both to sporadic SBC and to Crohn’s disease-associated SBC: two separate cohorts demonstrated a 5-year overall survival of 64.2% and 83% for CD-associated SBC [24][34]. Patients with diffuse-, mixed-, and solid-type histology tended to have a worse prognosis compared to glandular-type and medullary-type cancers [35][36]. Molecular subtypes have also been associated with prognosis: SBC with microsatellite instability are more likely indolent, whereas mesenchymal subtypes present worse tumor behavior [26]. Considering the rarity of CD-associated SBC, all therapeutic recommendations derive from the treatment of sporadic SBC. Surgery is the mainstay and can be curative only in the early stages of the disease, while surgery plus adjuvant chemotherapy is reserved for advanced stages. There is a large variety of medical therapies (e.g., classic chemotherapy, novel immune- and molecular-targeted therapies) used to treat solid tumors including SBC for which the reader is directed toward excellent reviews [37][38]. Among the possible therapeutic target in SBC, there is the programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway. This pathway was recently evaluated in a large series of SBC. PD-L1 was highly expressed in CD SBC compared to sporadic SBC, and PD-1-positive immune cells were largely present in CD SBC compared to the sporadic ones [39]. These findings further support the possibility of the use of checkpoint inhibitors in CD-associated SBC.

3. Other CD-Associated Malignancies

Although the aforementioned studies clearly indicate that the risk to develop EATL and SBC is higher in CD patients as compared to the general population, whether CD patients are more susceptible to develop other malignancies is still under debate. In this context, some authors reported an increased risk for CD patients to develop pharyngeal and esophageal carcinomas [40][41] (Table 3).

Table 3. Studies examining the risk of developing other malignancies in CD patients.

Using a Swedish registry of around 12,000 CD patients, Askling and colleagues reported an increased risk to develop malignant lymphoma, SBC, oropharyngeal, esophageal, large intestinal, hepatobiliary, and pancreatic carcinoma [10]. In the same paper, the authors reported that CD patients had a decreased risk of breast cancer, a finding confirmed by other population studies [45]. The protective role of CD toward breast cancer has been reported by many different studies, although the reasons for this negative association are not clear. A large study by Ludvigsson confirmed the protective effect of CD, but with borderline significance [46].

As already mentioned above, in a more recent Swedish cohort study of CD patients, the risk of any gastrointestinal (GI) cancer decreased over time: during the first year after diagnosis and initial biopsy, CD was associated with a 5.95-fold increase in risk of incident GI cancer of any type, whereas one year after the diagnosis, patients were not at increased risk [21]. Overall, after the first year of diagnosis, CD patients seemed to have a lower absolute risk to develop cancer [23]. The highest relative risk for GI cancer in CD was seen for SBC and pancreatic adenocarcinoma [23]. There was an 8-fold increase in colorectal cancer (CRC) in the first year of diagnosis that was abolished after one year [23]. Misdiagnosis of CD in patients that eventually resulted to have cancer is a possible explanation for the increased risk observed within the first year of diagnosis. Indeed, the overall risk of CRC in CD is comparable to the general population [23]. A case-control study conducted in 2010 found no association between colonic adenomas and CD [42]. Another multicenter, retrospective case-control study, within four community hospitals, demonstrated that CD was not associated with an increased risk of CRC [43]. Finally, a population study conducted in Italy reported that CD patients have even a lower risk to develop CRC as compared to the general population [44].

The literature regarding the risk of melanoma in CD is conflicting. Two studies found no association [10][45], while an increased risk of melanoma was described in a cohort of US patients affected by CD [15]. In a population-based study conducted in 2014 in Sweden, in which 29,028 CD patients were each matched with 5 controls, no association between these two diseases was reported [50]. Considering these results, it is likely there is no causal relationship between melanoma and CD.

The studies on the risk of developing thyroid cancer in CD are conflicting as well. In 2006, Kent and co-workers identified an increased risk of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid (standard morbidity ratio of 22.52) in a US cohort of CD patients [47]. According to these data, an Italian study population including 1757 patients diagnosed with CD between 1982 and 2006 demonstrated a 2.5-fold increased risk of papillary cancer of thyroid [48]. However, only 6 thyroid cancers were identified during the study. On the other hand, Ludvigsson identified 15 thyroid cancers out of 29,074 patients with CD (HR 0.6) [49]. Collectively, these data are still inconclusive and no formal association between CD and thyroid cancer can be made.

4. Conclusions

The available data suggest that adults with CD have an overall risk of developing intestinal lymphoma and SBC slightly increased as compared to the general population. Besides these two neoplasms, there is not sufficient evidence so far to suggest a higher prevalence of other malignancies in CD patients. Data on malignancies in children with CD are scarce. Two large studies did not find any increased risk of malignancy in children diagnosed with CD [10][51]. Only the study by Solaymani-Dodaran and colleagues found an excess of mortality due to cancer in children with CD [52]. However, given the low number of events reported (5 deaths), data must be taken with caution.

Overall, the risk of developing EATL and SBC is very small in humans. Despite that, as these types of cancer bear a poor prognosis, strategies aimed at reducing their incidence should be followed. So far, only adherence of CD patients to a GFD would seem to reduce the risk of these rare, though very aggressive, forms of cancer. In support of this hypothesis is the fact that children with CD do not have an increased risk of cancers in later life, further underlining the beneficial effect of a GFD [10][53]. Nevertheless, the effect of a GFD in preventing/reducing the risk of developing malignancies in CD patients is still debated. As the non-adherence and/or non-responsiveness to a GFD may lead to chronic inflammation of the small bowel, it is tempting to speculate that a gluten-containing diet in CD patients may promote the activation of immune/inflammatory signals and ultimately favor the onset/progression of lymphomas and SBCs. On the other hand, as CD patients drastically modify their dietary habits following the diagnosis of the disease, such changes could someway influence the risk of developing malignancies.

In conclusion, diversely to the increase of the awareness about CD pathogenesis that occurred in the last decade, as well as the reduction of the diagnostic delay, we still have poor knowledge about the risk factors/biological links that may contribute to the development of CD-associated neoplasms. Further mechanistic studies in experimental models as well as multicenter observational cohort studies, conducted not only in Western and/or westernized countries, would help clarify these issues.

References

  1. N. H. Fairley; F. P. Mackie; Clinical and Biochemical Syndrome in Lymphadenoma. BMJ 1937, 1, 375-404, 10.1136/bmj.1.3972.375.
  2. O’Farrelly, C.; Feighery, C.; O’Briain, D.S.; Stevens, F.; Connolly, C.E.; McCarthy, C.; Weir, D.G; Humoral response to wheat protein in patients with coeliac disease and enteropathy associated T cell lymphoma. British medical journal (Clinical research ed.) 1986, 293, 908–910.
  3. P D Howdle; P.K. Jalal; G.K.T. Holmes; Richard Houlston; Primary small-bowel malignancy in the UK and its association with coeliac disease. QJM 2003, 96, 345-353, 10.1093/qjmed/hcg058.
  4. L J Egan; S V Walsh; Fiona M. Stevens; C E Connolly; E L Egan; C F McCarthy; Celiac-associated lymphoma. A single institution experience of 30 cases in the combination chemotherapy era. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 1995, 21, 123–129.
  5. Wieke H. M. Verbeek; Jolanda M. W. Van De Water; Abdulbaqi Al-Toma; Joost Oudejans; Chris J. J. Mulder; Veerle M. H. Coupé; Incidence of enteropathy - associated T-cell lymphoma: A nation-wide study of a population-based registry in The Netherlands. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 2008, 43, 1322-1328, 10.1080/00365520802240222.
  6. Eniko Bagdi; T C Diss; Philippa Munson; Peter G. Isaacson; Mucosal Intra-epithelial Lymphocytes in Enteropathy-Associated T-Cell Lymphoma, Ulcerative Jejunitis, and Refractory Celiac Disease Constitute a Neoplastic Population. Blood 1999, 94, 260-264, 10.1182/blood.v94.1.260.413k40_260_264.
  7. Carlo Catassi; Italo Bearzi; Geoffrey K.T. Holmes; Association of celiac disease and intestinal lymphomas and other cancers. Gastroenterology 2005, 128 (Suppl. 1), S79-S86, 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.02.027.
  8. J Gale; Peter D. Simmonds; Graham M. Mead; John W. Sweetenham; Dennis H. Wright; Enteropathy-Type Intestinal T-Cell Lymphoma: Clinical Features and Treatment of 31 Patients in a Single Center. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2000, 18, 795-795, 10.1200/jco.2000.18.4.795.
  9. Marie-Olivia Chandesris; Georgia Malamut; V Verkarre; Bertrand Meresse; Elizabeth MacIntyre; R. Delarue; Marie Thérèse Rubio; F. Suárez; B. Deau-Fischer; Nadine Cerf-Bensussan; et al.N. BrousseChristophe CellierOlivier Hermine Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma: A review on clinical presentation, diagnosis, therapeutic strategies and perspectives. Gastroentérologie Clinique et Biologique 2010, 34, 590-605, 10.1016/j.gcb.2010.09.008.
  10. Johan Askling; Martha Linet; Gloria Gridley; Trond S. Halstensen; Karin Ekström; Anders Ekbom; Cancer incidence in a population-based cohort of individuals hospitalized with celiac disease or dermatitis herpetiformis. Gastroenterology 2002, 123, 1428-1435, 10.1053/gast.2002.36585.
  11. G K Holmes; P Prior; M R Lane; D Pope; R N Allan; Malignancy in coeliac disease--effect of a gluten free diet. Gut 1989, 30, 333-338, 10.1136/gut.30.3.333.
  12. Richard F.A. Logan; Edith A. Rifkind; Ian D. Turner; Anne Ferguson; Mortality in celiac disease. Gastroenterology 1989, 97, 265-271, 10.1016/0016-5085(89)90060-7.
  13. P Collin; T Reunala; E Pukkala; P Laippala; O Keyrilainen; A Pasternack; Coeliac disease--associated disorders and survival. Gut 1994, 35, 1215-1218, 10.1136/gut.35.9.1215.
  14. Giovanni Corrao; Gino Roberto Corazza; Vincenzo Bagnardi; Giovanna Brusco; Carolina Ciacci; Mario Cottone; Carla Sategna Guidetti; Paolo Usai; Pietro Cesari; Maria Antonietta Pelli; et al.Silvano LoperfidoUmberto VoltaAntonino CalabróMaria Certo Mortality in patients with coeliac disease and their relatives: a cohort study.. The Lancet 2001, 358, 356-361, 10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05554-4.
  15. Peter H. R. Green; Aaron T Fleischauer; Govind Bhagat; Rishi Goyal; Bana Jabri; Alfred I Neugut; Risk of malignancy in patients with celiac disease. The American Journal of Medicine 2003, 115, 191-195, 10.1016/s0002-9343(03)00302-4.
  16. K E Smedby; M Akerman; H Hildebrand; B Glimelius; A Ekbom; J Askling; Malignant lymphomas in coeliac disease: evidence of increased risks for lymphoma types other than enteropathy-type T cell lymphoma. Gut 2005, 54, 54-59, 10.1136/gut.2003.032094.
  17. Michael J. Goldacre; Clare J Wotton; David Yeates; Valerie Seagroatt; Derek Jewell; Cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis, Crohnʼs disease and coeliac disease: record linkage study. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2008, 20, 297-304, 10.1097/meg.0b013e3282f2a5e2.
  18. Peter Elfström; Fredrik Granath; Karin Ekström Smedby; S M Montgomery; Johan Askling; Anders Ekbom; Jonas F Ludvigsson; Risk of Lymphoproliferative Malignancy in Relation to Small Intestinal Histopathology Among Patients With Celiac Disease. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2011, 103, 436-444, 10.1093/jnci/djq564.
  19. P. Nijeboer; Georgia Malamut; C.J. Mulder; Nadine Cerf-Bensussan; David Sibon; Gerd Bouma; Christophe Cellier; Olivier Hermine; Otto Visser; Enteropathy-Associated T-Cell Lymphoma: Improving Treatment Strategies. Digestive Diseases 2015, 33, 231-235, 10.1159/000369542.
  20. Thomas Aparicio Md; Aziz Zaanan; Magali Svrcek; Pierre Laurent-Puig; Nicolas Carrère; Sylvain Manfredi; Christophe Locher; Pauline Afchain; Small bowel adenocarcinoma: Epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. Digestive and Liver Disease 2014, 46, 97-104, 10.1016/j.dld.2013.04.013.
  21. Han, Y.; Chen, W.; Li, P.; Ye, J; Association Between Coeliac Disease and Risk of Any Malignancy and Gastrointestinal Malignancy: A Meta-Analysis. Medicine 2015, 94, e1612.
  22. S. Kenwright; Coeliac disease and small bowel carcinoma. Postgraduate Medical Journal 1972, 48, 673-677, 10.1136/pgmj.48.565.673.
  23. Peter Elfström; Fredrik Granath; Weimin Ye; Jonas F Ludvigsson; Low Risk of Gastrointestinal Cancer Among Patients With Celiac Disease, Inflammation, or Latent Celiac Disease. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2012, 10, 30-36, 10.1016/j.cgh.2011.06.029.
  24. Alessandro Vanoli; Antonio Di Sabatino; Daniela Furlan; Catherine Klersy; Federica Grillo; Roberto Fiocca; Claudia Mescoli; Massimo Rugge; G. Nesi; Paolo Fociani; et al.Gianluca SampietroS. ArdizzoneOmbretta LuinettiAntonio CalabròF. TonelliUmberto VoltaNatella SantiniGiacomo CaioPaolo GiuffridaLuca ElliStefano FerreroGiovanni LatellaAntonio CiardiRoberto CaronnaGaspare SolinaAroldo RizzoCarolina CiacciFrancesco P. D’ArmientoMarianna SalemmeVincenzo VillanacciRenato CannizzaroVincenzo CanzonieriLuca Reggiani BonettiLivia BianconeGiovanni MonteleoneAugusto OrlandiGiuseppe SanteusanioMaria C. MacciomeiRenata D’IncàVittorio PerfettiGiancarlo SandriMarco SilanoAda M. FlorenaAntonino Giulio GiannoneClaudio PapiLuigi CoppolaPaolo UsaiAntonio MaccioniMarco AstegianoPaola MiglioraRachele MancaMichele MartinoDavide TrapaniRoberta CeruttiPaola AlberizziRoberta RiboniFausto SessaMarco PaulliEnrico SolciaGino R. Corazza Small Bowel Carcinomas in Coeliac or Crohn’s Disease: Clinico-pathological, Molecular, and Prognostic Features. A Study From the Small Bowel Cancer Italian Consortium. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 2017, 11, 942-953, 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx031.
  25. Marco Silano; Umberto Volta; Anna Maria Mecchia; Mariarita Dessì; Rita Di Benedetto; Massimo De Vincenzi; Delayed diagnosis of coeliac disease increases cancer risk. BMC Gastroenterology 2007, 7, 8, 10.1186/1471-230X-7-8.
  26. Francesca Rizzo; Alessandro Vanoli; Nora Sahnane; Roberta Cerutti; Davide Trapani; Antonio Rinaldi; Assunta Sellitto; Carolina Ciacci; Umberto Volta; Vincenzo Villanacci; et al.Antonio CalabròGiovanni ArpaOmbretta LuinettiMarco PaulliEnrico SolciaAntonio Di SabatinoFausto SessaAlessandro WeiszDaniela Furlan Small-bowel carcinomas associated with celiac disease: transcriptomic profiling shows predominance of microsatellite instability-immune and mesenchymal subtypes. Virchows Archiv 2019, 476, 711-723, 10.1007/s00428-019-02675-w.
  27. S D Rampertab; K A Forde; Peter H. R. Green; Small bowel neoplasia in coeliac disease. Gut 2003, 52, 1211-1214, 10.1136/gut.52.8.1211.
  28. Giacomo Caio; Umberto Volta; Francesco Ursini; Roberto Manfredini; Roberto De Giorgio; Small bowel adenocarcinoma as a complication of celiac disease: clinical and diagnostic features. BMC Gastroenterology 2019, 19, 45, 10.1186/s12876-019-0964-6.
  29. Kanwal Raghav; Michael J. Overman; Small bowel adenocarcinomas—existing evidence and evolving paradigms. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology 2013, 10, 534-544, 10.1038/nrclinonc.2013.132.
  30. Tomba, C.; Sidhu, R.; Sanders, D.S.; Mooney, P.D.; Branchi, F.; Locatelli, M.; Roncoroni, L.; Conte, D.; Bardella, M.T.; Elli, L; et al. Celiac Disease and Double-Balloon Enteroscopy: What Can We Achieve?: The Experience of 2 European Tertiary Referral Centers. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2016, 50, 313–317.
  31. Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson; Robert R. McWilliams; John H. Donohue; J. Fernando Quevedo; A single-institution experience with 491 cases of small bowel adenocarcinoma. The American Journal of Surgery 2010, 199, 797-803, 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2009.05.037.
  32. Overman, M.J.; Hu, C.Y.; Wolff, R.A.; Chang, G.J; Prognostic value of lymph node evaluation in small bowel adenocarcinoma: Analysis of the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database. Cancer 2010, 116, 5374–5382.
  33. Dabaja, B.S.; Suki, D.; Pro, B.; Bonnen, M.; Ajani, J; Adenocarcinoma of the small bowel: Presentation, prognostic factors, and outcome of 217 patients. Cancer 2004, 101, 518–526.
  34. Potter, D.D.; Murray, J.A.; Donohue, J.H.; Burgart, L.J.; Nagorney, D.M.; van Heerden, J.A.; Plevak, M.F.; Zinsmeister, A.R.; Thibodeau, S.N; The role of defective mismatch repair in small bowel adenocarcinoma in celiac disease. Cancer Res. 2004, 64, 7073–7077.
  35. Alessandro Vanoli; Antonio Di Sabatino; Michele Martino; Catherine Klersy; Federica Grillo; Claudia Mescoli; Gabriella Nesi; Umberto Volta; Daniele Fornino; Ombretta Luinetti; et al.Paolo FocianiVincenzo VillanacciFrancesco P D'armientoRenato CannizzaroGiovanni LatellaCarolina CiacciLivia BianconeMarco PaulliFausto SessaMassimo RuggeRoberto FioccaGino R CorazzaEnrico Solcia Small bowel carcinomas in celiac or Crohn’s disease: distinctive histophenotypic, molecular and histogenetic patterns. Modern Pathology 2017, 30, 1453-1466, 10.1038/modpathol.2017.40.
  36. Iva Brcic; Gieri Cathomas; Alessandro Vanoli; Kurt Jilek; Paolo Giuffrida; Cord Langner; Medullary carcinoma of the small bowel. Histopathology 2016, 69, 136-140, 10.1111/his.12908.
  37. Paolo Giuffrida; Alessandro Vanoli; Giovanni Arpa; A. Bonometti; Ombretta Luinetti; Enrico Solcia; Gino Roberto Corazza; Marco Paulli; Antonio Di Sabatino; Small Bowel Carcinomas Associated with Immune-Mediated Intestinal Disorders: The Current Knowledge. Cancers 2018, 11, 31, 10.3390/cancers11010031.
  38. Christophe Locher; Blaise Batumona; Pauline Afchain; Nicolas Carrère; Emmanuelle Samalin; Christophe Cellier; Thomas Aparicio; Yves Becouarn; Laurent Bedenne; Pierre Michel; et al.Yann ParcMarc PocardBenoit ChibaudelOlivier Bouché Small bowel adenocarcinoma: French intergroup clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatments and follow-up (SNFGE, FFCD, GERCOR, UNICANCER, SFCD, SFED, SFRO). Digestive and Liver Disease 2018, 50, 15-19, 10.1016/j.dld.2017.09.123.
  39. Paolo Giuffrida; Giovanni Arpa; Federica Grillo; Catherine Klersy; Gianluca Sampietro; Sandro Ardizzone; Paolo Fociani; Roberto Fiocca; Giovanni Latella; Fausto Sessa; et al.Antonietta D’ErricoDeborah MalviClaudia MescoliMassimo RuggeGabriella NesiStefano FerreroDaniela FurlanGilberto PoggioliFernando RizzelloMaria C. MacciomeiDonatella SantiniUmberto VoltaRoberto De GiorgioGiacomo CaioAntonio CalabròCarolina CiacciMaria D’ArmientoAroldo RizzoGaspare SolinaMichele MartinoFrancesco TonelliVincenzo VillanacciRenato CannizzaroVincenzo CanzonieriAda M. FlorenaLivia BianconeGiovanni MonteleoneRoberto CaronnaAntonio CiardiLuca ElliFlavio CaprioliMaurizio VecchiRenata D’IncàFabiana ZingoneAnna D’OdoricoMarco Vincenzo LentiBarbara OreggiaLuca Reggiani BonettiMarco AstegianoElena BilettaLaura CantoroAntonino G. GiannoneAugusto OrlandiClaudio PapiVittorio PerfettiErica QuaquariniGiancarlo SandriMarco SilanoPaolo UsaiValeria BarresiRachele CiccocioppoOmbretta LuinettiPaolo PedrazzoliAndrea PietrabissaAlessandra ViglioMarco PaulliGino R. CorazzaEnrico SolciaAlessandro VanoliAntonio Di Sabatino PD-L1 in small bowel adenocarcinoma is associated with etiology and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, in addition to microsatellite instability. Modern Pathology 2020, -, 1-12, 10.1038/s41379-020-0497-0.
  40. O.D. Harris; W.T. Cooke; H. Thompson; J.A.H. Waterhouse; Malignancy in adult coeliac disease and idiopathic steatorrhoea. The American Journal of Medicine 1967, 42, 899-912, 10.1016/0002-9343(67)90071-x.
  41. W. S. Selby; N. D. Gallagher; Malignancy in a 19-year experience of adult celiac disease. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 1979, 24, 684-688, 10.1007/bf01314465.
  42. B. Lebwohl; E. Stavsky; A. I. Neugut; Peter H. R. Green; Risk of colorectal adenomas in patients with coeliac disease. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2010, 32, 1037-1043, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04440.x.
  43. Lisandro Pereyra; Raquel Gonzalez; Adriana Mohaidle; Carolina Fischer; José Manuel Mella; Guillermo Nicolás Panigadi; Dante Manazzoni; María Dolores Matoso; Juan Sebastián Lasa; Abel Novillo; et al.Juan De PaulaLuis SoiferAngel NadalesDaniel Gustavo CimminoSilvia PedreiraLuis Boerr Risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with celiac disease: A multicenter study. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 2013, 7, e672-e677, 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.06.005.
  44. Umberto Volta; Olimpia Vincentini; Federica Quintarelli; Cristina Felli; Marco Silano; For The Collaborating Centres Of The Italian Registry Of The Complications Of Celiac Disease; Low risk of colon cancer in patients with celiac disease. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 2014, 49, 564-568, 10.3109/00365521.2014.893012.
  45. Card T. R.; West J.; Geoffrey K T Holmes; Risk of malignancy in diagnosed coeliac disease: a 24-year prospective, population-based, cohort study. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2004, 20, 769-775, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02177.x.
  46. Jonas F Ludvigsson; Joe West; Anders Ekbom; Olof Stephansson; Reduced risk of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer in women with celiac disease. International Journal of Cancer 2011, 131, E244-E250, 10.1002/ijc.26454.
  47. Laura Kent; Russell McBride; Robert McConnell; Alfred I. Neugut; Govind Bhagat; Peter H. R. Green; Increased Risk of Papillary Thyroid Cancer in Celiac Disease. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 2006, 51, 1875-1877, 10.1007/s10620-006-9240-z.
  48. Umberto Volta; Olimpia Vincentini; Marco Silano; Papillary Cancer of Thyroid in Celiac Disease. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 2011, 45, e44–e46, 10.1097/mcg.0b013e3181ea11cb.
  49. Jonas F Ludvigsson; Benjamin Lebwohl; Olle Kämpe; Joseph A. Murray; Peter H. Green; Anders Ekbom; Risk of Thyroid Cancer in a Nationwide Cohort of Patients with Biopsy-Verified Celiac Disease. Thyroid 2013, 23, 971-976, 10.1089/thy.2012.0306.
  50. Benjamin Lebwohl; Hanna Eriksson; Johan Hansson; Peter H.R. Green; Jonas F Ludvigsson; Risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma in patients with celiac disease: a population-based study. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2014, 71, 245-248, 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.03.029.
  51. Brian G Feagan; Bruce Sands; Guillermo Rossiter; Xiaobin Li; Keith Usiskin; Xiaojiang Zhan; Jean-Frederic Colombel; Effects of Mongersen (GED-0301) on Endoscopic and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Active Crohn’s Disease. Gastroenterology 2018, 154, 61-64, 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.08.035.
  52. Masoud Solaymani-Dodaran; Joe West; Richard F.A. Logan; Long-Term Mortality in People With Celiac Disease Diagnosed in Childhood Compared With Adulthood: A Population-Based Cohort Study. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2007, 102, 864-870, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01111.x.
  53. Ulrike Peters; Johan Askling; Gloria Gridley; Anders Ekbom; Martha Linet; Causes of Death in Patients With Celiac Disease in a Population-Based Swedish Cohort. Archives of Internal Medicine 2003, 163, 1566–1572, 10.1001/archinte.163.13.1566.
More
Information
Subjects: Oncology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register : , ,
View Times: 1.3K
Revisions: 3 times (View History)
Update Date: 27 Oct 2020
1000/1000
ScholarVision Creations