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Topic Review
Mechanisms of Fe Deficiency in the Rhizosphere
One of the most significant constraints on agricultural productivity is the low availability of iron (Fe) in soil, which is directly related to biological, physical, and chemical activities in the rhizosphere. The rhizosphere has a high iron requirement due to plant absorption and microorganism density. Plant roots and microbes in the rhizosphere play a significant role in promoting plant iron (Fe) uptake, which impacts plant development and physiology by influencing nutritional, biochemical, and soil components. The concentration of iron accessible to these live organisms in most cultivated soil is quite low due to its solubility being limited by stable oxyhydroxide, hydroxide, and oxides. The dissolution and solubility rates of iron are also significantly affected by soil pH, microbial population, organic matter content, redox processes, and particle size of the soil. In Fe-limiting situations, plants and soil microbes have used active strategies such as acidification, chelation, and reduction, which have an important role to play in enhancing soil iron availability to plants. In response to iron deficiency, plant and soil organisms produce organic (carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, phytosiderophores, microbial siderophores, and phenolics) and inorganic (protons) chemicals in the rhizosphere to improve the solubility of poorly accessible Fe pools. The investigation of iron-mediated associations among plants and microorganisms influences plant development and health, providing a distinctive prospect to further our understanding of rhizosphere ecology and iron dynamics.
  • 408
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Nitrogen Gap Amelioration in Agriculture
The main reason for the development of the yield gap in crop production is the inefficient man-agement of nitrogen (N). The nitrogen gap (NG) cannot be ameliorated without an indication and quantification of soil characteristics that limit N uptake by a crop plant. The insufficient supply of N to a plant during its cardinal stages of yield formation is a result of two ma-jor-variabilities. The first is spatial variability in the soil characteristics responsible for water supply to a plant, also serving as a nutrient carrier. The second is a vertical variability in soil factors, decisive for pools of available nutrients, and their in-season accessibility to the grown crop. The long-term strategy for NG cover should focus first on soil characteristics (humus stock, pH, nutrient content) responsible for water storage and its availability to the currently grown plant.
  • 407
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review
PCR-Based Dairy Product Authenticity Testing
Economic profit-driven food adulteration has become widespread in the dairy industry. One of the most common forms of dairy adulteration is the substitution of low-priced milk for high-priced milk. This has prompted regulatory authorities to focus on various means of authenticity testing. So far, many methods have been developed. Since milk adulteration has been upgraded, which has forced the testing methods to meet the needs of detection, which include DNA-based PCR methods. PCR and PCR-derived methods exhibit multiple advantages for authenticity testing, such as high stability, fast speed, and high efficiency, which meet the needs of modern testing.
  • 407
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
RFI as Efficiency Metric for Pre-Weaning Dairy Calves
Dairy cattle systems have targeted improvements in feed efficiency by selecting animals that can convert less feed into more products. Residual feed intake (RFI) has been the index of choice when selecting dairy cattle for feed efficiency. Nonetheless, RFI studies have focused on lactating cows, and the crucial importance of pre-weaning efficiency on farm profitability and cow productivity has been mostly neglected. Current results suggest great potential for selecting high-efficiency calves while in pre-weaning to accelerate the progress of genetic selection in dairy cattle.
  • 407
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Peptides for Bacterial Control
Antimicrobial resistance to conventional drugs has resulted in high global rates of recurrent invasive infections, facilitating disease progression and reducing the likelihood of effective treatments.
  • 406
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Neonatal Piglet Interest in Rope Enrichment
In the United States swine industry, preweaning mortality represents the highest mortality rate of any production phase, nearly half attributed to crushing. The overarching aim of this entry was to determine if enrichment ropes would entice neonatal piglets away from the sow and reduce preweaning mortality.
  • 405
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Stewardship under Global Framework
Antimicrobials are naturally occurring semi-synthetic or synthetic substances that kill or inhibit the replication of microorganisms. Remarkable achievements have been reached in human medicine due to the availability and efficacy of antimicrobials, from the treatment of previously fatal infections to surgical procedures, otherwise impossible. Promoting and supporting antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) at the global, national, and local levels is dependent on building strong supporting pillars. From the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) perspective, these pillars are (1) awareness, (2) governance, (3) practices, and (4) surveillance.
  • 404
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Sechuran Fox
The Sechuran Fox (Lycalopex sechurae) is a small carnivorous mammal native to the arid coastal deserts of Peru and Ecuador. With its sandy-colored fur and distinctive facial markings, this fox species is adapted to the harsh and arid conditions of its habitat, where it plays a crucial role as a predator and scavenger. Despite facing threats from habitat loss and human encroachment, the Sechuran Fox demonstrates remarkable resilience in its unique desert ecosystem.
  • 404
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Sun Bear
The Sun bear (Helarctos malayanus), also known as the "honey bear," is the smallest bear species and inhabits the dense tropical forests of Southeast Asia. Recognizable by its sleek black fur, distinctive crescent-shaped chest patch, and short muzzle, the Sun bear possesses a unique adaptation: an elongated tongue ideal for extracting honey and insects from tree cavities. Despite its diminutive size, this arboreal omnivore plays a crucial role in forest ecosystems, dispersing seeds and regulating insect populations, while facing threats from habitat loss and poaching for traditional medicine and the pet trade.
  • 404
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Broiler Breeder Hens
Past immunological studies in broilers focused on juveniles within the rapid pre-slaughter growth period and may not reflect adult immune responses, particularly in breeders managed with chronic feed restriction (R). 
  • 401
  • 18 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Assessment of Brassicaceae Seeds Quality by X-ray Analysis
The seeds of cruciferous crops (Brassicaceae family) are high in fat oil (33–40%) and protein (25–36%). They are the main nutrients of the seed. 
  • 401
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Potential Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis Activity of Plant SMs
Tuberculosis (TB) is a recurrent and progressive disease, with high mortality rates worldwide. The drug-resistance phenomenon of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major obstruction of allelopathy treatment. An adverse side effect of allelopathic treatment is that it causes serious health complications. The search for suitable alternatives of conventional regimens is needed, i.e., by considering medicinal plant secondary metabolites to explore anti-TB drugs, targeting the action site of M. tuberculosis.
  • 401
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Okadaic Acid Depuration from the Cockle Cerastoderma edule
The cockle Cerastoderma edule is a commercially important species in many European Countries. It can accumulate okadaic acid (OA) and other toxins in its group, which makes it unsuitable for human consumption, producing harvesting bans to avoid intoxications. The duration of those bans depends in part on the depuration kinetics of the toxin in this species. In this work, this kinetics was studied by means of fitting different models to depuration data experimentally obtained, using naturally contaminated cockles. Cockles depurated OA faster than most other bivalve species studied. Models that include Michaelis-Menten kinetics describe the depuration better than those using a first order exponential decrease to describe the first (or the only) compartment. One-compartment models were not able to describe the final part of the depuration curve, in which OA was depurated very slowly. Therefore, two-compartment models were needed. Esters were depurated at a much faster rate than the free form of the toxin; however, no significant esterification was detected during the process. The slow depuration rate suggests that other bivalve species could be used as sentinels to monitor cockle populations, but caution should be taken when toxin concentrations are very high. 
  • 401
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Lesser Grison
The Lesser Grison (Galictis cuja) is a small carnivorous mammal native to South America, belonging to the same family as weasels, otters, and ferrets. With its slender body, short legs, and distinctive black mask-like facial markings, the Lesser Grison is well-adapted for hunting and navigating diverse habitats such as grasslands, forests, and savannahs. Despite its small size, the Lesser Grison is a skilled predator, preying on a variety of small vertebrates including rodents, birds, reptiles, and insects.
  • 401
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Ractopamine at the Scientific and Legal Disputes Center
Ractopamine (RAC) is a synthetic phenethanolamine, β–adrenergic agonist used as a feed additive to develop leanness and increase feed conversion efficiency in different farm animals. While RAC has been authorized as a feed additive for pigs and cattle in a limited number of countries, a great majority of jurisdictions, including the European Union (EU), China, Russia, and Taiwan, have banned its use on safety grounds. RAC has been under long scientific and political discussion as a controversial antibiotic as a feed additive.
  • 399
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
EVOO’s Flavor
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is one of the most distinctive ingredients of the Mediterranean diet. EVOO can be defined as the oil obtained from the fruit of the olive tree (Olea europaea), using exclusively mechanical or physical procedures. To obtain an EVOO, olives cannot be treated with other procedures than washing, decanting, centrifugation, and filtration, thus excluding oils obtained with solvents or by re-esterification or oil mixing procedures.
  • 398
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Culpeo
The Culpeo, scientifically known as Lycalopex culpaeus, is a species of canid native to South America. With its distinctive red or gray fur and bushy tail, the Culpeo is the second-largest wild canid on the continent after the maned wolf. Known for its adaptability and wide distribution across various habitats, the Culpeo plays a significant role in South American ecosystems as a predator and scavenger.
  • 397
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Shoulder Lesions' Influence on Sow Behavior
Some sows are known to develop shoulder lesions after giving birth, yet the pattern of development and healing as well as the welfare implications of these lesions is not well-understood. This study found that the size of the lesion when first noticed was related to the duration that the lesion was present and to the maximum size of the lesion before healing. This information has the potential to help guide the treatment of these animals and reduce the severity of their lesions. We monitored these sows throughout lactation and during gestation and found that the only significant behavioral difference between the sows that did and did not have lesions was that the sows without lesions were more likely to change their posture more frequently. We believe this means that more frequent posture changes may have a protective effect against lesion development. Together, the results of this study have added to our understanding of how long it takes these lesions to heal and reveal insight into the lack of behavioral alterations in sows with such lesions. 
  • 396
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Arginine Accumulation in Scots Pine Needles
Free arginine (Arg) content was observed to multiply when the level of nitrogen (N) nutrition was high, and additional fertilization with boron (B) potentiated this effect. Owing to this feature, conifers can be suggested for use as bioproducers of Arg. Concentrations of Arg in relation to N and B fertilization needed to be better understood.
  • 396
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
Antibodies are now a versatile tool for diagnostics and therapy of various conditions in humans and hyperimmune sera can be replaced by specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). mAbs have been known since the 1970s. Numerous mAbs have been developed against SARS-CoV 2 and have proven their effectiveness, especially in the management of the mild-to-moderate disease. 
  • 395
  • 23 Dec 2021
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