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Topic Review
Blue Light on Acne Vulgaris
Acne is a dermatosis that affects almost 90% of the adolescent population worldwide and its treatment is performed with retinoids, antimicrobials, acids, and topical or systemic antibiotics. Side effects such as skin irritation in addition to microbial resistance to antibiotics are the main side effects found. Phototherapy with blue light is being used as an alternative treatment.
  • 758
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Managements for Autoimmune Bullous Skin Disorders
Autoimmune bullous skin disorders are a group of disorders characterized by the formation of numerous blisters and erosions on the skin and/or the mucosal membrane, arising from autoantibodies against the intercellular adhesion molecules and the structural proteins. They can be classified into intraepithelial or subepithelial autoimmune bullous dermatoses based on the location of the targeted antigens. These dermatoses are extremely debilitating and fatal in certain cases, depending on the degree of cutaneous and mucosal involvement. Effective treatments should be implemented promptly. Glucocorticoids serve as the first-line approach due to their rapid onset of therapeutic effects and remission of the acute phase. Nonetheless, long-term applications may lead to major adverse effects that outweigh the benefits. Hence, other adjuvant therapies are mandatory to minimize the potential harm and ameliorate the quality of life.
  • 755
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Histopathologic Features of Maculopapular Drug Eruption
Cutaneous adverse drug reaction (CADR) is common in both inpatient and outpatient clinical settings and has been associated with a large variety of medications. Drug reactions represent a significant burden to the healthcare system due to increased hospital stay durations and associated costs. Moreover, some of these reactions may be life-threatening. The most common clinical manifestation of a CADR is a maculopapular drug eruption (MDE). Due to its many clinical mimics and associations with a variety of histopathologic patterns, maculopapular drug eruption is difficult to definitively diagnose from both a clinical and histopathological perspective. Histopathologic criteria for the diagnosis of MDE, while not entirely specific, may aid in establishing a differential that includes a drug eruption. Suggestive features include epidermal spongiosis, mild lymphocytic infiltrate, and occasional necrotic keratinocytes; interface change at the DEJ; superficial perivascular and interstitial lymphocytic with or without eosinophils and neutrophils in the mid-to-deep dermis and mild papillary dermal edema; and dilation of superficial dermal lymph and blood vessels. Moreover, it is important to emphasize that a drug eruption should always be considered in the differential when multiple histopathologic patterns—none of which conform to another precise diagnosis—are present within the same tissue section. Thus, a biopsy can be a helpful diagnostic tool when MDE is suspected by demonstrating findings suggestive of MDE or by ruling out clinical mimics. However, biopsy results cannot be used in isolation as clinical-pathologic correlation is paramount in MDE.
  • 748
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Astaxanthin Delivery Systems for Skin
Astaxanthin (AST) is a biomolecule known for its powerful antioxidant effect, which is considered of great importance in biochemical research and has great potential for application in cosmetics, as well as food products that are beneficial to human health and medicines. Unfortunately, its poor solubility in water, chemical instability, and low oral bioavailability make its applications in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical field a major challenge for the development of new products. To favor the search for alternatives to enhance and make possible the use of AST in formulations, this article aimed to review the scientific data on its application in delivery systems.
  • 741
  • 26 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Plaque Psoriasis and COVID-19
There is no evidence to support the idea that patients receiving systemic therapy (i.e. immunosuppressive/ immunomodulating agents) should stop their treatment in order to prevent COVID-19 infection. People with psoriasis undergoing systemic therapy should be advised to follow current guidelines for hygiene and physical distancing as recommended in their respective area of residence. Chronic plaque psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease affecting 2–3% of the general population. In case of moderate to severe psoriasis patients are candidate to systemic treatments that have immunosuppressive/immunomodulating properties. 
  • 739
  • 31 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Augmented and Virtual Reality in Dermatology
Augmented reality (AR) is a component of virtual reality (VR) or virtual environments (VE) where the user is completely immersed into a synthetic environment. While in VR, the user does not see the real world. Instead, AR allows us to superimpose virtual objects onto real ones. The number of AR/VR applications has undeniably exploded over the last decades. While both techniques have been extensively used in various medical fields, such as in plastic surgery, little investigation has been performed so far in dermatology.
  • 735
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Tranexamic Acid in Melasma and Sun-Induced Hyperpigmentation Treatment
Tranexamic acid (TXA) has anti-plasmin activity and has been shown when administered orally to be effective against melasma, for which it is considered first-line pharmacotherapy. Several studies have shown that topically applied TXA is also effective against melasma and skin hyperpigmentation caused by sunburn and inflammation. The TXA concentration in the epidermis and dermis/vasculature has been estimated from its distribution in the skin after closed application, and topically applied TXA has thus been shown to act on neutrophils and mast cells in the dermis and on the vascular system.
  • 735
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Aromatherapy for Symptom Relief in Patients with Burn
Aromatherapy, also known as essential oil therapy, uses plant, flower, or herb extracts to enhance health and wellbeing. Aromatic essential oils have been widely studied for first-degree burn injuries due to their ability to relieve pain, reduce scarring, as well as reduce inflammation and antimicrobial activity. 
  • 731
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Conventional Treatment for Wounds
Application of modern delivery techniques to natural bioactive products improves their permeability, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy. Many natural products have desirable biological properties applicable to wound healing but are limited by their inability to cross the stratum corneum to access the wound. Over the past two decades, modern systems such as microneedles, lipid-based vesicles, hydrogels, composite dressings, and responsive formulations have been applied to natural products such as curcumin or aloe vera to improve their delivery and efficacy. 
  • 728
  • 30 May 2022
Topic Review
Microbiome Research in Alopecia Areata
The continuous research advances in the microbiome field is changing clinicians’ points of view about the involvement of the microbiome in human health and disease, including autoimmune diseases such as alopecia areata (AA). Both gut and cutaneous dysbiosis have been considered to play roles in alopecia areata. A new approach is currently possible owing also to the use of omic techniques for studying the role of the microbiome in the disease by the deep understanding of microorganisms involved in the dysbiosis as well as of the pathways involved. These findings suggest the possibility to adopt a topical approach using either cosmetics or medical devices, to modulate or control, for example, the growth of overexpressed species using specific bacteriocins or postbiotics or with pH control. This will favour at the same time the growth of beneficial bacteria which, in turn, can impact positively both the structure of the scalp ecosystem on the host’s response to internal and external offenders.
  • 728
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Dermatopathology
Artificial intelligence applied to pathological anatomyhas attracted a particular interest from pathologists and, in more detail, also from dermatopathologists. Increasing attention is being paid to the applications of AI and ML in the diagnosis of simple or more complex skin lesions, and the training of AI algorithms is gathering increasing feedback from the scientific community.
  • 722
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Work-Related Hand Eczema in Healthcare Workers
Work-related skin diseases are among the most common work-related diseases, ranking second in frequency after musculoskeletal diseases. The majority of work-related skin diseases (80–95%) are contact dermatitis, which can be both irritant and allergic in nature. Lesions are most commonly described as hand eczema and occur as a result of contact with various substances (irritants and allergens) in the workplace. The term “eczema” is generally used to describe a group of skin lesions in which the skin is itchy, dry, and inflamed. However, the term eczema usually involves a non-specific clinical picture but is commonly used in real-life and medical settings when working with patients.
  • 722
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Nodular Trichoblastoma
Trichoblastoma (TB) is a rare biphasic benign adnexal neoplasm originating from follicular germ cells but clinically, it can simulate basal cell carcinoma (BCC), making the diagnosis more difficult.
  • 716
  • 20 Jul 2021
Biography
Montserrat
My name is Montserrat Fernández-Guarino, I am dermatologist in Madrid, Spain. I have studied medicine and I am specialist, however I have so many more interest. Among the intellectual fields, I am graduated in Psychology, and coursed different master´s degree, in nutrition, medical nutrition in diseases, sports injury rehabilitation and pharmacy office. Summary of the present position: -Staf
  • 716
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Characterization of Semi-Solid Formulations
Specific aspects of semi-solid dosage forms for topical application include the nature of the barrier to be overcome, aspects of susceptibility to physical and chemical instability, and a greater influence of sensory perception. Advances in understanding the driving forces of skin penetration as well as the design principles and inner structure of formulations, provide a good basis for the more rational design of such dosage forms, which still often follow more traditional design approaches. The characterization of semi-solid dosage forms also requires specific approaches. In particular, rheology, chemical stability considering the specifics of semi-solid vehicles, and in vitro performance testing will be discussed.
  • 714
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Animal-Type Melanoma
Animal-type melanoma (ATM) was first described in the literature by Levene in 1979 in relation to a patient with a characteristic clinical presentation, and only later, rare and anecdotal case series have tried to shed light on an entity that has undergone several nosographic classification changes, and which, since 2018, is classified under the term “pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma”. Here, researchers conduct a brief review of the current literature on ATM and present a new clinical case with histopathological, immunophenotypic, and molecular investigations.
  • 711
  • 23 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Rapid Clinical Management of Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis is a vector-born disease caused by a group of protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania. 
  • 709
  • 04 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Psoriasis and Sport
The link between Psoriasis and sport is a controversial issue. Physical activity has been associated to Pso in a negative way, even if recent studies have highlighted the potential beneficial effect on the natural course of the disease and, as consequence, on patients’ quality of life (QoL).
  • 709
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Linear IgA Disease
Linear IgA disease (LAD) is an autoimmune mucocutaneous disease characterized by linear deposits of IgA at the basement membrane zone on immunopathology. It is also known as linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD), but LAD is preferred because it is inclusive of patients without bullous lesions. In the pediatric population, it is known as chronic bullous disease of childhood (CBDC).
  • 708
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Bioengineered Skin Substitutes
This review presents the common commercially available skin substitutes and their clinical use. Moreover, the choice of an appropriate hydrogel type to prepare cell-laden skin substitutes is discussed. Additionally, we present recent advances in the field of bioengineered human skin substitutes using three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting techniques. Finally, we discuss different skin substitute developments to meet different criteria for optimal wound healing.
  • 704
  • 14 Mar 2021
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