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Topic Review
Cardiac Rehabilitation in COVID-19 Patients
Recent scientific literature has investigated the cardiovascular implications of COVID-19. The mechanisms of cardiovascular damage seem to involve the protein angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), to which severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-2 (CoV-2) binds to penetrate cells and other mechanisms, most of which are still under study. Cardiovascular sequelae of COVID-19 include heart failure, cardiomyopathy, acute coronary syndrome, arrhythmias, and venous thromboembolism.
  • 849
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
Pediatric Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis is a non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammatory syndrome with multisystemic manifestations.
  • 839
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Ventilatory Modes and Settings of Ventilators
The choice of a ventilator model for a single patient is usually based on parameters such as size (portability), presence or absence of battery and ventilatory modes. In each mode, there is always a control or independent variable, which is programmed into the ventilator and remains constant throughout the inspiratory cycle, regardless of the variability in the patient’s ventilatory pattern. The control variables are usually pressure and volume. However, there are special cases, such as hybrid modes (average volume-assured pressure support -AVAPS (Average Volume-Assured Pressure Support)- or intelligent volume-assured pressure support—iVAPS-) in which the control variable (pressure) is modified in a predetermined pressure range depending on the estimation of a parameter (tidal volume).
  • 828
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Biological and Genetic Mechanisms of COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most prevalent chronic adult diseases, with significant worldwide morbidity and mortality. Although long-term tobacco smoking is a critical risk factor for this global health problem, its molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Several phenomena are thought to be involved in the evolution of emphysema, including airway inflammation, proteinase/anti-proteinase imbalance, oxidative stress, and genetic/epigenetic modifications. Furthermore, COPD is one main risk for lung cancer (LC), the deadliest form of human tumor; formation and chronic inflammation accompanying COPD can be a potential driver of malignancy maturation.
  • 828
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Antidepressants Fluoxetine and Fluvoxamine in Treatment of COVID-19
Mapping non-canonical cellular pathways affected by approved medications can accelerate drug repurposing efforts, which are crucial in situations with a global impact such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Fluoxetine and fluvoxamine are well-established and widely-used antidepressive agents that act as serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI-s). Interestingly, these drugs have been reported earlier to act as lysosomotropic agents, inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase in the lysosomes, and as ligands of sigma-1 receptors, mechanisms that might be used to fight severe outcomes of COVID-19. In certain cases, these drugs were administered for selected COVID-19 patients because of their antidepressive effects, while in other cases, clinical studies were performed to assess the effect of these drugs on treating COVID-19 patients. Clinical studies produced promising data that encourage the further investigation of fluoxetine and fluvoxamine regarding their use in COVID-19.
  • 827
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Microbial Natural Products and COVID-19 Infection
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which caused the COVID-19 infection, was discovered two and a half years ago. It caused a global pandemic, resulting in millions of deaths and substantial damage to the worldwide economy. Only a few vaccines and antiviral drugs are available to combat SARS-CoV-2. However, there has been an increase in virus-related research, including exploring new drugs and their repurposing. Since discovering penicillin, natural products, particularly those derived from microbes, have been viewed as an abundant source of lead compounds for drug discovery. 
  • 822
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Severe Eosinophilic Asthma
Bronchial asthma is a disease which consists of chronic airway inflammation, structural changes to the bronchial tree and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Severe asthma affects greatly patients' quality of life. Eosinophils have proved significant in the inflammatory process of many patients with severe asthma referred as "T2 high" asthma. Accordingly, major advances in the management of such patients have occurred in recent years due to the new targeted biologic therapies. Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is the pivotal cytokine for the differentiation, maturation and survival of eosinophils. There are three monoclonal antibodies targeting IL-5/IL-5R, mepolizumab, reslizumab and benralizumab. These treatments led to significant reduction of asthma exacerbations and less use of oral corticosteroids and also imrpovement in lung function and quality of life.
  • 821
  • 05 May 2021
Biography
Hongguang Nie
Hongguang Nie, female, professor and doctoral supervisor of the Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University. Chairman of the Professional Committee of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative medicine, Liaoning Society of Cell Biology; Committee Member of the Stem Cell and Immunology Professional Committee of Liaoning Immunological Society; High le
  • 821
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Obesity and Asthmatic Airway
Obesity is considered as an important risk factor for the onset of asthma and plays a key role in enhancing the disease severity. Obese asthmatic individuals represent a distinct phenotype of asthma that is associated with additional symptoms, more severe exacerbation, decreased response to standard medication, and poor quality of life. Obesity impairs the function of lung airway in asthma individuals leading to increased inflammation and severe remodeling of the bronchus, however; molecular events that trigger such changes are not completely understood. 
  • 816
  • 07 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Pleural Mesothelioma
Pleural mesothelioma (PM) is a type of cancer that is highly related to exposure to asbestos fibers. It shows aggressive behavior, and the current therapeutic approaches are usually insufficient to change the poor prognosis. Moreover, apart from staging and histological classification, there are no validated predictors of its response to treatment or its long-term outcomes. Numerous studies have investigated minimally invasive biomarkers in pleural fluid or blood to aid in earlier diagnosis and prognostic assessment of PM.
  • 811
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Lysophosphatidic Acid
Extracellular lysophospholipids (lysophosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingosine 1-phosphate, etc.), which are synthesized from phospholipids in the cell membrane, act as lipid mediators, and mediate various cellular responses in constituent cells in the respiratory system, such as contraction, proliferation, migration, and cytoskeletal organization. In addition to these effects, the expression of the adhesion molecules is enhanced by these extracellular lysophospholipids in pulmonary endothelial cells. These effects are exerted via specific G protein-coupled receptors. 
  • 810
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 and Probiotics
SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Coronaviridae, subfamily Orthocoronaviridae, characterized by spike (S) proteins, which allow it to bind to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor present on epithelial cells. Probiotics are defined as “live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host”. More specifically, immunobiotics are probiotics capable of beneficially regulating the mucosal immune system. The use of probiotics could reduce the economic costs associated with the control of respiratory diseases.
  • 799
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Chronic Respiratory Disease
Chronic respiratory diseases are major contributors to the global burden of disease. Chronic respiratory diseases are pathologies of the airways and respiratory tract, for example, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and bronchiectasis.
  • 795
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Role of Immunity in Combating SARS-CoV-2
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an epidemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). Populations at risk as well as those who can develop serious complications are people with chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and the elderly. Severe symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with immune failure and dysfunction. The approach of strengthening immunity may be the right choice in order to save lives.
  • 794
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms in Development of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Fibroblasts synthesize collagen, fibronectin, and extracellular matrix (ECM). Myofibroblasts—other cells involved in fibrosis—secrete factors such as VEGF and TGF-β, produce denser but more disorganized ECM than fibroblasts, and persist longer at the injury site. One cytokine involved in tissue repair is TGF-β. Sources of TGF-β include platelet granules and macrophages. TGF-β is predominantly expressed in PF and helps stimulate the formation of ECM, collagen, fibronectin, elastic fibers, and matrix substances.
  • 788
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Post COVID-19 Syndrome
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is mounting evidence suggesting that COPD patients have been identified as a high-risk group for severe post-COVID-19 syndrome
  • 784
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Serum Biomarkers of Lung Fibrosis in Interstitial Pneumonia
Interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF) belongs to a group of diseases called interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), which are disorders of a varied prognosis and course. Finding sufficiently specific and sensitive biomarkers would enable the progression to be predicted, the natural history to be monitored and patients to be stratified according to their treatment. 
  • 779
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Olive Bioactive Compounds in Infectious Respiratory Diseases
The pathogenesis of respiratory diseases is centred around inflammation and oxidative stress. Plant-based alongside synthetic drugs were considered as therapeutics due to their proven nutraceutical value. One such example is the olive, which is a traditional symbol of the MedDiet. Olive bioactive compounds are enriched with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antiviral properties.
  • 776
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Trials of Monoclonal Antibodies for Asthma
Monoclonal antibodies have been developed for the treatment of severe asthma, with numerous randomised controlled trials (RCTs) conducted to define their safety and efficacy. The growing availability of biologics, which have only been available for T2-high asthma, has been further enriched by the arrival of tezepelumab. All biologic agents are effective in improving asthma control, especially with regard to reducing exacerbation rates and oral corticosteroid (OCS) use. Biologics are all effective, albeit with important differences. What fundamentally guides the choice is the patient’s clinical history, the endotype represented by biomarkers (especially blood eosinophils), and comorbidities (especially nasal polyposis).
  • 774
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Personalized Medicine in COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic represents an unprecedented opportunity to exploit the advantages of personalized medicine for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, surveillance and management of a new challenge in public health. COVID-19 infection is highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe, life-threatening manifestations. Personalized medicine can play a key role in elucidating individual susceptibility to the infection as well as inter-individual variability in clinical course, prognosis and response to treatment. Integrating personalized medicine into clinical practice can also transform health care by enabling the design of preventive and therapeutic strategies tailored to individual profiles, improving the detection of outbreaks or defining transmission patterns at an increasingly local level. SARS-CoV2 genome sequencing, together with the assessment of specific patient genetic variants, will support clinical decision-makers and ultimately better ways to fight this disease. Additionally, it would facilitate a better stratification and selection of patients for clinical trials, thus increasing the likelihood of obtaining positive results. Lastly, defining a national strategy to implement in clinical practice all available tools of personalized medicine in COVID-19 could be challenging but linked to a positive transformation of the health care system.
  • 772
  • 27 Jul 2021
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