You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Biography
Hongguang Nie
Hongguang Nie, female, professor and doctoral supervisor of the Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University. Chairman of the Professional Committee of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative medicine, Liaoning Society of Cell Biology; Committee Member of the Stem Cell and Immunology Professional Committee of Liaoning Immunological Society; High le
  • 809
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Severe Eosinophilic Asthma
Bronchial asthma is a disease which consists of chronic airway inflammation, structural changes to the bronchial tree and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Severe asthma affects greatly patients' quality of life. Eosinophils have proved significant in the inflammatory process of many patients with severe asthma referred as "T2 high" asthma. Accordingly, major advances in the management of such patients have occurred in recent years due to the new targeted biologic therapies. Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is the pivotal cytokine for the differentiation, maturation and survival of eosinophils. There are three monoclonal antibodies targeting IL-5/IL-5R, mepolizumab, reslizumab and benralizumab. These treatments led to significant reduction of asthma exacerbations and less use of oral corticosteroids and also imrpovement in lung function and quality of life.
  • 806
  • 05 May 2021
Topic Review
Antidepressants Fluoxetine and Fluvoxamine in Treatment of COVID-19
Mapping non-canonical cellular pathways affected by approved medications can accelerate drug repurposing efforts, which are crucial in situations with a global impact such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Fluoxetine and fluvoxamine are well-established and widely-used antidepressive agents that act as serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI-s). Interestingly, these drugs have been reported earlier to act as lysosomotropic agents, inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase in the lysosomes, and as ligands of sigma-1 receptors, mechanisms that might be used to fight severe outcomes of COVID-19. In certain cases, these drugs were administered for selected COVID-19 patients because of their antidepressive effects, while in other cases, clinical studies were performed to assess the effect of these drugs on treating COVID-19 patients. Clinical studies produced promising data that encourage the further investigation of fluoxetine and fluvoxamine regarding their use in COVID-19.
  • 801
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Polymeric Nanoparticles for Inhaled Vaccines
Many studies focus on the pulmonary delivery of vaccines as it is needle-free, safe, and effective. Inhaled vaccines enhance systemic and mucosal immunization but still faces many limitations that can be resolved using polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs). Biocompatible and biodegradable PNP use has increased for pharmaceutical delivery including vaccines. PNPs can incorporate different antigens and deliver them to antigen-presenting cells.
  • 796
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Pleural Mesothelioma
Pleural mesothelioma (PM) is a type of cancer that is highly related to exposure to asbestos fibers. It shows aggressive behavior, and the current therapeutic approaches are usually insufficient to change the poor prognosis. Moreover, apart from staging and histological classification, there are no validated predictors of its response to treatment or its long-term outcomes. Numerous studies have investigated minimally invasive biomarkers in pleural fluid or blood to aid in earlier diagnosis and prognostic assessment of PM.
  • 796
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Obesity and Asthmatic Airway
Obesity is considered as an important risk factor for the onset of asthma and plays a key role in enhancing the disease severity. Obese asthmatic individuals represent a distinct phenotype of asthma that is associated with additional symptoms, more severe exacerbation, decreased response to standard medication, and poor quality of life. Obesity impairs the function of lung airway in asthma individuals leading to increased inflammation and severe remodeling of the bronchus, however; molecular events that trigger such changes are not completely understood. 
  • 788
  • 07 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Microbial Natural Products and COVID-19 Infection
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which caused the COVID-19 infection, was discovered two and a half years ago. It caused a global pandemic, resulting in millions of deaths and substantial damage to the worldwide economy. Only a few vaccines and antiviral drugs are available to combat SARS-CoV-2. However, there has been an increase in virus-related research, including exploring new drugs and their repurposing. Since discovering penicillin, natural products, particularly those derived from microbes, have been viewed as an abundant source of lead compounds for drug discovery. 
  • 787
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
DNA Methylation in Pulmonary Fibrosis
Epigenetics describes molecular missing link pathways that could bridge the gap between the genetic background and environmental risk factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Specific epigenetic patterns, especially DNA methylation, histone modifications, long non-coding, and microRNA (miRNAs), affect the endophenotypes underlying the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). 
  • 787
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Ventilatory Modes and Settings of Ventilators
The choice of a ventilator model for a single patient is usually based on parameters such as size (portability), presence or absence of battery and ventilatory modes. In each mode, there is always a control or independent variable, which is programmed into the ventilator and remains constant throughout the inspiratory cycle, regardless of the variability in the patient’s ventilatory pattern. The control variables are usually pressure and volume. However, there are special cases, such as hybrid modes (average volume-assured pressure support -AVAPS (Average Volume-Assured Pressure Support)- or intelligent volume-assured pressure support—iVAPS-) in which the control variable (pressure) is modified in a predetermined pressure range depending on the estimation of a parameter (tidal volume).
  • 783
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Chronic Respiratory Disease
Chronic respiratory diseases are major contributors to the global burden of disease. Chronic respiratory diseases are pathologies of the airways and respiratory tract, for example, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and bronchiectasis.
  • 781
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Biological and Genetic Mechanisms of COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most prevalent chronic adult diseases, with significant worldwide morbidity and mortality. Although long-term tobacco smoking is a critical risk factor for this global health problem, its molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Several phenomena are thought to be involved in the evolution of emphysema, including airway inflammation, proteinase/anti-proteinase imbalance, oxidative stress, and genetic/epigenetic modifications. Furthermore, COPD is one main risk for lung cancer (LC), the deadliest form of human tumor; formation and chronic inflammation accompanying COPD can be a potential driver of malignancy maturation.
  • 780
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The Role of Immunity in Combating SARS-CoV-2
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an epidemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). Populations at risk as well as those who can develop serious complications are people with chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and the elderly. Severe symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with immune failure and dysfunction. The approach of strengthening immunity may be the right choice in order to save lives.
  • 772
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 and Probiotics
SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Coronaviridae, subfamily Orthocoronaviridae, characterized by spike (S) proteins, which allow it to bind to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor present on epithelial cells. Probiotics are defined as “live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host”. More specifically, immunobiotics are probiotics capable of beneficially regulating the mucosal immune system. The use of probiotics could reduce the economic costs associated with the control of respiratory diseases.
  • 768
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Serum Biomarkers of Lung Fibrosis in Interstitial Pneumonia
Interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF) belongs to a group of diseases called interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), which are disorders of a varied prognosis and course. Finding sufficiently specific and sensitive biomarkers would enable the progression to be predicted, the natural history to be monitored and patients to be stratified according to their treatment. 
  • 764
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Lysophosphatidic Acid
Extracellular lysophospholipids (lysophosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingosine 1-phosphate, etc.), which are synthesized from phospholipids in the cell membrane, act as lipid mediators, and mediate various cellular responses in constituent cells in the respiratory system, such as contraction, proliferation, migration, and cytoskeletal organization. In addition to these effects, the expression of the adhesion molecules is enhanced by these extracellular lysophospholipids in pulmonary endothelial cells. These effects are exerted via specific G protein-coupled receptors. 
  • 762
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Olive Bioactive Compounds in Infectious Respiratory Diseases
The pathogenesis of respiratory diseases is centred around inflammation and oxidative stress. Plant-based alongside synthetic drugs were considered as therapeutics due to their proven nutraceutical value. One such example is the olive, which is a traditional symbol of the MedDiet. Olive bioactive compounds are enriched with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antiviral properties.
  • 755
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Personalized Medicine in COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic represents an unprecedented opportunity to exploit the advantages of personalized medicine for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, surveillance and management of a new challenge in public health. COVID-19 infection is highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe, life-threatening manifestations. Personalized medicine can play a key role in elucidating individual susceptibility to the infection as well as inter-individual variability in clinical course, prognosis and response to treatment. Integrating personalized medicine into clinical practice can also transform health care by enabling the design of preventive and therapeutic strategies tailored to individual profiles, improving the detection of outbreaks or defining transmission patterns at an increasingly local level. SARS-CoV2 genome sequencing, together with the assessment of specific patient genetic variants, will support clinical decision-makers and ultimately better ways to fight this disease. Additionally, it would facilitate a better stratification and selection of patients for clinical trials, thus increasing the likelihood of obtaining positive results. Lastly, defining a national strategy to implement in clinical practice all available tools of personalized medicine in COVID-19 could be challenging but linked to a positive transformation of the health care system.
  • 752
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Post COVID-19 Syndrome
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is mounting evidence suggesting that COPD patients have been identified as a high-risk group for severe post-COVID-19 syndrome
  • 749
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Therapy
Translating the experience from previous viral epidemics, passive immunotherapy by means of plasma from individuals recovered from COVID-19 has been intensively investigated since the beginning of the pandemic.
  • 748
  • 05 May 2021
Topic Review
Metabolic Phenotypes in Asthmatic Adults
Bronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that belongs to all ages. Transforming involves chronic airway inflammation and symptoms of varying magnitude over time, which include dyspnea, chest tightness, and coughing. It has a high prevalence, high morbidity and considerable levels of mortality. According to the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA), “Asthma is a heterogeneous disease with different underlying pathological processes. Recognizable groups of demographic, clinical and/or pathophysiological characteristics are called 'asthma phenotypes'. In fact, several studies show that various asthma subtypes may be reflected in external manifestations of the disease, which are designated as “phenotypes”, and may involve clinical and inflammatory characteristics, among others. However,
  • 745
  • 06 Sep 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 9
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback