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Vijakumaran, U.; Goh, N.; Razali, R.A.; Abdullah, N.A.H.; Yazid, M.D.; Sulaiman, N. Olive Bioactive Compounds in Infectious Respiratory Diseases. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45339 (accessed on 27 July 2024).
Vijakumaran U, Goh N, Razali RA, Abdullah NAH, Yazid MD, Sulaiman N. Olive Bioactive Compounds in Infectious Respiratory Diseases. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45339. Accessed July 27, 2024.
Vijakumaran, Ubashini, Neng-Yao Goh, Rabiatul Adawiyah Razali, Nur Atiqah Haizum Abdullah, Muhammad Dain Yazid, Nadiah Sulaiman. "Olive Bioactive Compounds in Infectious Respiratory Diseases" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45339 (accessed July 27, 2024).
Vijakumaran, U., Goh, N., Razali, R.A., Abdullah, N.A.H., Yazid, M.D., & Sulaiman, N. (2023, June 08). Olive Bioactive Compounds in Infectious Respiratory Diseases. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/45339
Vijakumaran, Ubashini, et al. "Olive Bioactive Compounds in Infectious Respiratory Diseases." Encyclopedia. Web. 08 June, 2023.
Olive Bioactive Compounds in Infectious Respiratory Diseases
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/antiox12061140

The pathogenesis of respiratory diseases is centred around inflammation and oxidative stress. Plant-based alongside synthetic drugs were considered as therapeutics due to their proven nutraceutical value. One such example is the olive, which is a traditional symbol of the MedDiet. Olive bioactive compounds are enriched with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antiviral properties.

olive respiratory disease

1. Introduction

The growing prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) has increased morbidity and mortality rates worldwide [1]. Chronic respiratory diseases include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumoconiosis, pneumonia, lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary sarcoidosis and tuberculosis [2]. COPD causes 81.7% of CRD deaths and is the third-leading cause of death worldwide, killing almost 3.2 million people annually. Meanwhile, pneumonia is the leading cause of death among geriatric (>65 years old, elderly) and paediatric (<5 years old, children) patients [3]. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that around 6.8 million people’s lives abruptly ended mainly due to respiratory illnesses during the COVID-19 pandemic era [4]. Thus, the management of CRDs was given priority, encompassing the invention of new drugs, vaccines, antibiotics, cortisone, ventilation tools, inhalation therapies and advanced lung surgical intervention [5]. However, developing drug-resistant organism strains and variants make available treatments less effective [6][7]. Hence, more efficient and atoxic drugs are preferable to ease CRD management, especially during the pandemic. Scientific interest is supported by the fact that more than thirty per cent of FDA-approved drugs are of natural origin [8]. Historically, natural-based therapies have long been incorporated into CRD treatment. More than 2000 years ago, drug delivery for respiratory diseases was performed via inhalation therapies in ayurvedic medicine [9]. Scientifically, Oriola et al. reviewed the potential of plant-derived natural chemicals, thus supporting their benefits for common respiratory disease treatment [10].
The olive has been one of the most researched plant varieties throughout the decades for its enormous health benefits [11][12]. It is a traditional symbol of Mediterranean culture. This is reflected by a quote from a famous French writer, Georges Duhamel, “There, where the olive tree gives up, is where the Mediterranean ends. The tree of light is the nature and culture of the Mediterranean” [13][14]. The olive fruit and olive oil are the largest products that are commercialised from the olive tree [14], which serve as primary sources of fat in the MedDiet [15]. In 2013, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) added the MedDiet to the “Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity”. The MedDiet was also specified as being a healthy diet in the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans [16]. Its nutritional values have been correlated with anti-inflammatory [17][18], cardio-protective [19][20][21], anticancer [22][23], anti-ageing [24][25] and neuroprotection [26][27][28] effects. Interestingly, a meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies demonstrated that the MedDiet was associated with longer telomere length and positive ageing [29].

2. Olive Bioactive Molecules in Infectious Respiratory Diseases

Respiratory infections occur due to bacteria or invading viruses. Antibiotic treatments tend to fail when dealing with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Respiratory pathogens were reported to exacerbate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [30]. A meta-analysis of 3338 COVID-19 patients reported that 6.9% of patients were coinfected with bacterial infections [31]. Seven compounds from olive (caffeic acid, verbascoside, oleuropein, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, rutin, apigenin 7-O-glucoside and luteolin 4’-O-glucoside) were found to have an antibacterial effect towards strains such as Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae and antifungal strains such as Candida albicans [32]. Olive secoiridoides also inhibited five different bacterial strains (Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus) that commonly cause intestinal and respiratory tract infections [33]. Moreover, aliphatic aldehydes from olives showed similar antibacterial activity [34][35] where alpha- and beta-unsaturated aldehydes were found to have broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, while saturated aldehydes did not show a significant antibacterial effect. Olive extract was reported as being one of the most potent antimycobacterial agents among 63 Mexican traditional medicines postulated as a potential drug for tuberculosis [36][37].
Viral infection is the major reason for respiratory diseases such as pneumonia, bronchitis and COVID-19. The most common viruses that invade the human respiratory system are human coronavirus, rhinovirus (RV), influenza, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and so on [38]. Olive compounds have been well reviewed and preferred as a functional food containing antiviral and immune-boosting effects [39]. Additionally, Hydroxytyrosol has been found to disrupt the viral envelope of influenza A viruses, including H1N1, H3N2, H5N1 and H9N2 [40]. Oleuropein has also been reported to inhibit the herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) via phosphorylating PKR, c-FOS and c-JUN in Hela cells [39]. Furthermore, purified HT from olive and a patented HT, HIDROX®, have been shown to inactivate SARS-CoV-2. They altered the spike protein, significantly impacting the viral genome [41]. A similar effect has been reported in molecular docking by Geromichalou et al. He demonstrated the EVOO compound’s potential to bind to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein via targeting angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) [42]. On the other hand, Nrf2 has also been revealed to have the ability to inhibit virus penetration by secreting anti-proteases in COVID-19 patients [43]. Nrf2 activates interferon gene expression to initiate antiviral activity [44]. The research collectively reported findings of olive-derived phytochemicals’ ability to activate the Nrf2 pathway [45][46][47]. Thus, they certainly could play a role in drug design for COVID-19 treatment.

3. Olive Bioactive Molecules in Over-Proliferation of Respiratory Cells

Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death to date, which is due to the over-proliferation of respiratory cells [48]. Olive compounds, especially polyphenols, have been well studied for their anticancer effects [49][50][51]. A systematic search and meta-analysis of 45 studies [22] discovered that olive oil consumption prevents cancer. An olive extract and bromelain combination suppressed Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-induced lung carcinogenesis by decreasing the expression of inflammation and oxidative markers (Nrf2, NF-κB) [47]. In another study, oleic acid, and its metabolite oleoyl ethanolamide, induced apoptosis in lung carcinoma cell lines by decreasing programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), the tumorigenesis marker and the phosphorylate STAT pathway [52]. An extract from olive mill wastewater (OMWW A009) limited lung cancer cell propagation by activating apoptosis. The extract was able to reduce CXCL12 and CXCR4 chemokines and STAT3 phosphorylation [53]. Besides, (-)-Oleocanthal (OC) disrupted metastasis by inhibiting the activation of mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-MET) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in adenocarcinoma cells A549 and NCI-H322M [54]. The same study showed that eight weeks of OC supplementation prevented brain and other organ metastasis in mice models. The c-MET inhibitors showed promising results in lung cancer prevention in both animal models and clinical trials [55][56]. Hydroxytyrosol was also reported to have reversed TGFβ1-induced EMT in respiratory epithelial cells by inhibiting AKT and SMAD2/3 expression [57]. Thus, hydroxytyrosol could be exploited for cancer prevention by targeting c-MET inhibition.

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Subjects: Respiratory System
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Ubashini Vijakumaran
,
Neng-Yao Goh
,
Rabiatul Adawiyah Razali
,
Nur Atiqah Haizum Abdullah
,
Muhammad Dain Yazid
,
Nadiah Sulaiman
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Update Date: 09 Jun 2023
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