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Topic Review
Winograd Schema Challenge
The Winograd schema challenge (WSC) is a test of machine intelligence proposed by Hector Levesque, a computer scientist at the University of Toronto. Designed to be an improvement on the Turing test, it is a multiple-choice test that employs questions of a very specific structure: they are instances of what are called Winograd schemas, named after Terry Winograd, professor of computer science at Stanford University. On the surface, Winograd schema questions simply require the resolution of anaphora: the machine must identify the antecedent of an ambiguous pronoun in a statement. This makes it a task of natural language processing, but Levesque argues that for Winograd schemas, the task requires the use of knowledge and commonsense reasoning. Nuance Communications announced in July 2014 that it would sponsor an annual WSC competition, with a prize of $25,000 for the best system that could match human performance. However, the prize is no longer offered.
  • 433
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Load Balancing Algorithms for Parallel Computing
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a discipline that solves and analyzes fluid dynamics problems through computer and numerical simulation methods. In the process of CFD numerical simulations, the complexity of the problem is gradually increasing, the accuracy of the numerical simulation is becoming more and more demanding, and the network size is continuously expanding. Load-balancing algorithms for CFD parallel computing are being gradually and extensively researched in the world.
  • 429
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Timeline of Open-Source Software
This article presents a timeline of events related to popular free/open-source software. For a narrative explaining the overall development, see the related history of free and open-source software. The Achievements column documents achievements a project attained at some point in time (not necessarily when it was first released).
  • 427
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
IBM TopView
TopView is the first object-oriented, multitasking, and windowing, personal computer operating environment for PC DOS developed by IBM, announced in August 1984 and shipped in March 1985. TopView provided a text-mode (although it also ran in graphics mode) operating environment that allowed users to run more than one application at the same time on a PC. IBM demonstrated an early version of the product to key customers before making it generally available, around the time they shipped their new PC AT computer.
  • 417
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
DESQview
DESQview (DV) is a text mode multitasking operating environment developed by Quarterdeck Office Systems which enjoyed modest popularity in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Running on top of DOS, it allows users to run multiple programs concurrently in multiple windows.
  • 409
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Oblivious Ram
An Oblivious RAM (ORAM) simulator is a compiler that transforms algorithms in such a way that the resulting algorithms preserve the input-output behavior of the original algorithm but the distribution of memory access pattern of the transformed algorithm is independent of the memory access pattern of the original algorithm. The definition of ORAMs is motivated by the fact that an adversary can obtain nontrivial information about the execution of a program and the nature of the data that it is dealing with, just by observing the pattern in which various locations of memory are accessed during its execution. An adversary can get this information even if the data values are all encrypted. The definition suits equally well to the settings of protected programs running on unprotected shared memory as well as a client running a program on its system by accessing previously stored data on a remote server. The concept was formulated by Oded Goldreich in 1987.
  • 408
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Maintenance for Offshore Wind Turbine Farms
The rapid increase in the use of renewable electricity, driven by the development of photovoltaic technologies and wind farms, compels the development of appropriate facilities to ensure their maintenance. Since wind farms are more efficient than traditional sources of electricity and their share in global electricity production is prominent, the development of techniques and maintenance methods dedicated to wind farms will also be prominent. The logistics and supply chain management of offshore wind turbine farms (OWFs) maintenance have a fundamental impact on their availability and, as a result, profitability.
  • 402
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Web Cryptography API
The Web Cryptography API is the World Wide Web Consortium’s (W3C) recommendation for a low-level interface that would increase the security of web applications by allowing them to perform cryptographic functions without having to access raw keying material. This agnostic API would perform basic cryptographic operations, such as hashing, signature generation and verification and encryption as well as decryption from within a web application.
  • 397
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Timeline of Computing 1990–99
This article presents a detailed timeline of events in the history of computing from 1990 to 1999. For narratives explaining the overall developments, see the History of computing.
  • 397
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Metaheuristic Approach for University Course Timetabling Problems
The university course timetabling problem (UCTP) is a multidimensional assignment problem that involves assigning students and teachers to events (or courses), which are then allocated to appropriate timeslots and rooms. The UCTP can be categorized into two categories: post-enrollment-based course timetabling problems (PE-CTPs) and curriculum-based course timetabling problems (CB-CTPs). 
  • 395
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Foreign Language Learning in Virtual Reality
With the widespread application of virtual reality (VR) in education, optimizing foreign language learning in VR has become a focal point of research.
  • 395
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Images
As a necessary technical means, reversible data hiding in encrypted images (RDH-EIs) provides superior performance in terms of security. To simultaneously improve the effectiveness of RDH-EIs, the researchers proposed a mixed multi-bit layer embedding strategy in encrypted images.
  • 384
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
ITU-T Y.1564
ITU-T Y.1564 is an Ethernet service activation test methodology, which is the new ITU-T standard for turning up, installing and troubleshooting Ethernet-based services. It is the only standard test methodology that allows for complete validation of Ethernet service-level agreements (SLAs) in a single test.
  • 375
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Spatial Keyword Group Query
Location-based services have been commonly used in daily life. Spatial keyword query, as one of the important technologies in location-based services, has been widely used in many fields, such as intelligent navigation systems and spatial positioning systems. Different types of spatial keyword query problems have been studied in depth by scholars.
  • 374
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Online OS
The Online Operating System was a fully multi-lingual and free to use web desktop written in JavaScript using Ajax. It was a Windows-based desktop environment with open-source applications and system utilities developed upon the reBOX web application framework by iCUBE Network Solutions, an Austrian company located in Vienna.
  • 369
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma
Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare malignancy, occurring in 5–10% of patients diagnosed with UC, and involves the renal pelvis, calyces, or ureters. UTUC can be sporadic or hereditary as a clinical manifestation of Lynch syndrome. Therapeutic management of these patients is challenging. Following risk stratification of localized disease, patients with low-grade UTUC may undergo kidney-sparing surgery or radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) and/or chemoablation with mitomycin-c instillation to reduce recurrence.
  • 364
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Organizational Ambidexterity in Quality Dimensions and Triple Helix
Organizational ambidexterity is a concept for an organization that can balance profitability with innovation and development. Numerous historical studies have examined the triple helix, particularly those with industrial elements as the focus of inquiry, because the triple helix itself has three dimensions, namely university, industry, and government. As a multidimensional notion, quality dimensions might signify different things to different people, according to the relevant literature.
  • 359
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
k-NN Query for High-Dimensional Index Using Machine Learning
The three k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) optimization techniques for a distributed, in-memory-based, high-dimensional indexing method to speed up content-based image retrieval. The techniques perform distributed, in-memory, high-dimensional indexing-based k-NN query optimization: a density-based optimization technique that performs k-NN optimization using data distribution; a cost-based optimization technique using query processing cost statistics; and a learning-based optimization technique using a deep learning model, based on query logs.
  • 357
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
OptiDJS+
The continuously evolving world of cloud computing presents new challenges in resource allocation as dispersed systems struggle with overloaded conditions. In this regard, OptiDJS+ is a cutting-edge enhanced dynamic Johnson sequencing algorithm made to successfully handle resource scheduling challenges in cloud computing settings. With a solid foundation in the dynamic Johnson sequencing algorithm, OptiDJS+ builds upon it to suit the demands of modern cloud infrastructures. OptiDJS+ makes use of sophisticated optimization algorithms, heuristic approaches, and adaptive mechanisms to improve resource allocation, workload distribution, and task scheduling. To obtain the best performance, this strategy uses historical data, dynamic resource reconfiguration, and adaptation to changing workloads. 
  • 349
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Dynamic Feedback-Driven Learning Optimization Framework
A novel approach named the Dynamic Feedback-Driven Learning Optimization Framework (DFDLOF), aimed at personalizing educational pathways through machine learning technology.
  • 342
  • 18 Feb 2024
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