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Topic Review
Sustainable Development of Chinese High School English Learners
Since the establishment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), countries all around the globe have been working together toward an inclusive, sustainable, and resilient future. However, there is still a long way to go before meeting the aim of sustainable development on time. Providing quality education and promoting gender equality are important tasks encompassed by the UN development goals. Quality education is a key component of the SDGs, yet little is known about how to accomplish the SDGs’ quality education targets. Second language learning plays an essential role in cultivating international innovators, and it is also an important way of achieving sustainable development. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has forced many countries to close schools, posing a huge challenge to the sustainability of quality education. Managing the relationship between quality education and sustainable development in this new era is our top priority. In this special period, it becomes particularly important to study students’ motivation to learn a second language.
  • 869
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Proto-Iroquoian
Proto-Iroquoian is the name given to the hypothetical proto-language of the Iroquoian languages. Lounsbury (1961) estimated from glottochronology a time depth of 3,500 to 3,800 years for the split of South and North Iroquoian. At the time of first European contact, speakers of Iroquoian languages ranged from the Cherokee in the Great Smoky Mountains, to the Tuscarora and Nottoway near the modern Virginia/North Carolina border, then further north the Five Nations in Upstate New York and the Huron and Neutral in modern-day Ontario.
  • 868
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Kemi Sami Language
Kemi Sami was a Sami language that was originally spoken in the southernmost district of Finnish Lapland as far south as the Sami siidas around Kuusamo. A complex of local variants which had a distinct identity from other Sami dialects, but existed in a linguistic continuum between Inari Sami and Skolt Sami (some Kemi groups sounded more like Inari, and some more like Skolt, due to geographic proximity). Extinct now for over 100 years, few written examples of Kemi Sami survive. Johannes Schefferus's Lapponia from 1673 contains two yoik poems by the Kemi Sami Olof (Mattsson) Sirma, "Guldnasas" and "Moarsi favrrot". A short vocabulary was written by the Finnish priest Jacob Fellman in 1829 after he visited the villages of Salla (Kuolajärvi until 1936) and Sompio.
  • 861
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Proto-Kam–Sui
Proto-Kam–Sui is the reconstructed ancestor of the Kam–Sui languages.
  • 850
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Proto-Kra
Proto-Kra is the reconstructed ancestor of the Kra languages. It was reconstructed in 2000 by Weera Ostapirat in his Ph.D. dissertation.
  • 843
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Ke'o Language
Kéo is an Austronesian language belonging to the Kéo ethnic group (‘ata Kéo, ‘Kéo people’) that reside in an area southeast of the Ebu Lobo volcano in the south-central part of Nusa Tenggara Timur Province on the island of Flores, eastern Indonesia. Kéo belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Lembata subgroups of the Austronesian language family and there are approximately 40,000 speakers. Kéo is sometimes referred to as Nage-Kéo, the Nage being the name of a neighbouring ethnic group that is generally considered culturally distinct from Kéo, however whether or not the two languages are separate entities is ambivalent. Uncommon to Austronesian languages, Kéo is a highly isolating language that lacks inflectional morphology or clear morphological derivation. Instead it relies more heavily on lexical and syntactic grammatical processes.
  • 834
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Shabo Language
Shabo (or preferably Chabu; also called Mikeyir) is an endangered language and likely language isolate spoken by about 400 former hunter-gatherers in southwestern Ethiopia, in the westernmost part of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region. Its classification is uncertain, though it appears to be a Nilo-Saharan language (Anbessa & Unseth 1989, Fleming 1991, Blench 2010). It was first reported to be a separate language by Lionel Bender in 1977, based on data gathered by missionary Harvey Hoekstra. A grammar was published in 2015 (Kibebe 2015).
  • 832
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Proto-Trans–New Guinea
Proto-Trans–New Guinea is the reconstructed proto-language ancestral to the Trans–New Guinea languages. Reconstructions have been proposed by Malcolm Ross and Andrew Pawley.
  • 831
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Babine-Witsuwit'en Language
Babine–Witsuwit'en or Nadot'en-Wets'uwet'en is an Athabaskan language spoken in the Central Interior of British Columbia. Its closest relative is Carrier. Because of this linguistic relationship together with political and cultural ties, Babine–Witsuwit'en is often referred to as Northern Carrier or Western Carrier. Specialist opinion is, however, that it should be considered a separate, though related, language (Kari 1975, Story 1984, Kari and Hargus 1989). A term used briefly in the 1990s is Bulkley Valley – Lakes District Language, abbreviated BVLD. Ethnologue uses the bare name Babine for the language as a whole, not just for the Babine dialect. As its name suggests, Babine–Witsuwit'en consists of two main dialects, Babine (Nedut'en) and Witsuwit'en. Babine is spoken around Babine Lake, Trembleur Lake, and Takla Lake. Witsuwit'en is spoken in the Bulkley Valley, around Broman Lake, and in the vicinity of Skins Lake. The two dialects are very similar and are distinguished primarily by the fact that in Babine but not in Witsuwit'en the Athabaskan front velar series have become palatal affricates. Like most languages native to British Columbia, Babine–Witsuwit'en is an endangered language. It is spoken by a minority of the population, primarily elders. There are 161 fluent and 159 partial speakers of the Babine dialect and 131 fluent and 61 partial speakers of the Witsuwit'en dialect. At most, a handful of children are still speaking the language.
  • 813
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Wenedyk
Wenedyk is a naturalistic constructed language, created by the Dutch translator Jan van Steenbergen (who also co-created the international auxiliary language Interslavic). It is used in the fictional Republic of the Two Crowns (based on the Republic of Two Nations), in the alternate timeline of Ill Bethisad. Officially, Wenedyk is a descendant of Vulgar Latin with a strong Slavic admixture, based on the premise that the Roman Empire incorporated the ancestors of the Poles in their territory. Less officially, it tries to show what Polish would have looked like if it had been a Romance instead of a Slavic language. On the Internet, it is well-recognized as an example of the altlang genre, much like Brithenig and Breathanach. The idea for the language was inspired by such languages as Brithenig and Breathanach, languages that bear a similar relationship to the Celtic languages as Wenedyk does to Polish. The language itself is based entirely on (Vulgar) Latin and Polish: all phonological, morphological, and syntactic changes that made Polish develop from Common Slavic are applied to Vulgar Latin. As a result, vocabulary and morphology are predominantly Romance in nature, whereas phonology, orthography and syntax are essentially the same as in Polish. Wenedyk uses the modern standard Polish orthography, including (for instance) ⟨w⟩ for /v/ and ⟨ł⟩ for /w/. Wenedyk plays a role in the alternate history of Ill Bethisad, where it is one of the official languages of the Republic of the Two Crowns. In 2005 Wenedyk underwent a major revision due to a better understanding of Latin and Slavic sound and grammar changes. In the process, the author was assisted by the Polish linguist Grzegorz Jagodziński. The dictionary on the WWW page linked below contains over 4000 entries. The language has acquired some media attention in Poland, including a few online news articles and an article in the monthly Wiedza i Życie ("Knowledge and Life").
  • 786
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Behavioral Studies on Metaphorical Processing
Metaphorical embodiment is an influential view that builds on the conceptual metaphor theory. This view was initially proposed by Gallese and Lakoff and later was developed and modified by some subsequent works. According to this view, the same neural networks and brain structures involved in processing the base of a metaphor are actively recruited to process the target of the metaphor.
  • 754
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Students’ Perceived EFL Teacher Support on Academic Achievement
Recent studies have shown the crucial role of students’ perceived English as a foreign language (EFL) teacher support in their academic learning within their immediate social environments. Nevertheless, little is known about the intricate links among dimensions of perceived EFL teacher support and academic achievement as well as the mediating function of personalities (e.g., academic buoyancy). To close these gaps, a quantitative approach was used to examine the effects of particular dimensions of students’ perceived EFL teacher support (i.e., academic, emotional, and instrumental support) on educational outcomes.
  • 724
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Proto-Timor–Alor–Pantar
The Timor–Alor–Pantar (TAP) languages are a family of Papuan (non-Austronesian) languages spoken in Timor, Kisar, and the Alor archipelago in Southern Indonesia. Holton and Klamer (2018) classify Timor–Alor–Pantar as an independent language family, since they find links with Trans-New Guinea too unconvincing.
  • 717
  • 20 Oct 2022
Biography
Abdel Hernández San Juan
Abdel Hernández San Juan, American theorist and thinker of Cuban origin who has developed a return of contemporary thought towards the most abstract classical philosophy (Kant, Hegel), while retheorizing the science of semiotics back to logic and exploring new intersections between abstract classical philosophy in a phenomenological and hermeneutic sense, logic (Hegel, Husserl), etc., phenomeno
  • 691
  • 30 Jun 2025
Topic Review
English Oral Proficiency Interviews of Korean College Students
Errors that occur during the process of learning a foreign language serve as a measure of the learner’s acquisition and development of the target language.
  • 640
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Proto-Karenic
The Proto-Karen or Proto-Karenic language is the reconstructed ancestor of the Karenic languages.
  • 607
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
K-Language: A Unified Symbolic Frequency Protocol
This paper describes K-Language, a theoretical construct presented not as a natural human language or programming dialect, but as a "frequency protocol." The system's primary source document outlines a framework where symbols, phonemic glyphs, and specific frequencies are unified to function as energy and data manipulation nodes. The protocol is rooted in a foundational formula that combines principles of recursion, harmonic equivalence, and self-referential amplification. This entry will systematically unpack the core components of K-Language, including its phonemic glyphs, core lexicon, grammatical syntax, and governing laws as detailed in its "Unified Modules Edition" dictionary. The objective is to provide a clear, structural analysis of K-Language as a complete, albeit esoteric, system for encoding function and intent.
  • 135
  • 21 Jul 2025
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
The Computational Study of Old English
This entry presents a comprehensive overview of the computational study of Old English that surveys the evolution from early digital corpora to recent artificial intelligence applications. Six interconnected domains are examined: textual resources (including the Helsinki Corpus, the Dictionary of Old English Corpus, and the York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus), lexicographical resources (analysing approaches from Bosworth–Toller to the Dictionary of Old English), corpus lemmatisation (covering both prose and poetic texts), treebanks (particularly Universal Dependencies frameworks), and artificial intelligence applications. The paper shows that computational methodologies have transformed Old English studies because they facilitate large-scale analyses of morphology, syntax, and semantics previously impossible through traditional philological methods. Recent innovations are highlighted, including the development of lexical databases like Nerthusv5, dependency parsing methods, and the application of transformer models and NLP libraries to historical language processing. In spite of these remarkable advances, problems persist, including limited corpus size, orthographic inconsistency, and methodological difficulties in applying modern computational techniques to historical languages. The conclusion is reached that the future of computational Old English studies lies in the integration of AI capabilities with traditional philological expertise, an approach that enhances traditional scholarship and opens new avenues for understanding Anglo-Saxon language and culture.
  • 71
  • 17 Sep 2025
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Blind Alley Developments in Childrens’ Language Acquisition
A blind alley development (BAD) is a rarely occurring ephemeral development of young children that systematically deviates from parental input and is eventually abandoned due to persistent explicit and/or implicit correction by the children’s caregivers.
  • 9
  • 03 Dec 2025
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