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Topic Review
Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs)
Circulating tumor cells (CTC) have been recognized as the cause of distant metastasis. Their unique role as metastatic seeds renders them a potential marker in the circulation for early cancer prognosis, as well as monitoring therapeutic response. This review summarizes existing CTC isolation technologies, advances in downstream analysis of CTC and their potential applications in precision medicine.
  • 553
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Mathematical Modeling of Tumor Vasculature/Angiogenesis
The recruitment of new vasculature via angiogenesis is a critical component of tumor development, which fundamentally influences tumor growth and response to treatment. The characterization of tumor-induced angiogenesis via mathematical models could enable approaches to forecast tumor response and improve patient care.
  • 553
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
The Fra-1/AP-1 Oncoprotein
Among components of the AP-1 complex, the FOS-family transcription factor Fra-1, encoded by FOSL1, has emerged as a prominent therapeutic target. Fra-1 is overexpressed in most solid tumors, in response to the BRAF-MAPK, Wnt-beta-catenin, Hippo-YAP, IL-6-Stat3, and other major oncogenic pathways. In vitro functional analyses, validated in onco-mouse models and corroborated by prognostic correlations, show that Fra-1-containing dimers control tumor growth and disease progression. Fra-1 participates in key mechanisms of cancer cell invasion, Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition, and metastatic spreading, by driving the expression of EMT-inducing transcription factors, cytokines, and microRNAs.
  • 553
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Liver Transplantation for Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) encompasses all malignant neoplasms arising from the epithelial cells of the biliary tree. About 40% of CCAs are perihilar, involving the bile ducts distal to the second-order biliary branches and proximal to the cystic duct implant. About two-thirds of pCCAs are considered unresectable at the time of diagnosis or exploration. When resective surgery is deemed unfeasible, liver transplantation (LT) could be an effective alternative. The overall survival rates after LT at 1 and 3 years are 91% and 81%, respectively. The overall five-year survival rate after transplantation is 73% (79% for patients with underlying PSC and 63% for de novo pCCA). Multicenter case series reported a 5-year disease-free survival rate of ~65%.
  • 553
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
BRCA Mutation Status on TILs
High lymphocytic infiltration (TILs) seem to reflect favorable host antitumor immune responses. In breast cancer, the variation of TILs before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) according to BRCA status has been poorly described. 
  • 552
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
RAS in Glioblastoma Tumor Microenvironment
The Renin-angiotensin system (RAS), as a constituent of the tumor microenvironment (TME), is involved in several hallmarks of cancer, including angiogenesis, hypoxia, and tumor cell proliferation. Components of the RAS are expressed in different types of cancer including colon adenocarcinoma and malignant melanoma. RAS components are also expressed by cancer stem cells in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), renal clear cell carcinoma, primary, and metastatic, cutaneous SCC, metastatic colon adenocarcinoma, metastatic malignant melanoma, and glioblastoma.
  • 552
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Liver Cancers
Liver cancer is among the leading global healthcare issues associated with high morbidity and mortality. Liver cancer consists of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), hepatoblastoma (HB), and several other rare tumors. Progression has been witnessed in understanding the interactions between etiological as well as environmental factors and the host in the development of liver cancers. However, the pathogenesis remains poorly understood, hampering the design of rational strategies aiding in preventing liver cancers. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in the initiation and progression of HCC, CCA, and HB. Targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling potentiates a novel avenue for liver cancer treatment, which may benefit from the development of numerous small-molecule inhibitors and biologic agents in this field.
  • 552
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Application of Photodynamic Therapy in Bone Cancer
Bone cancer including primary bone cancer and metastatic bone cancer, remains a challenge claiming millions of lives and affecting the life quality of survivors. Conventional treatments of bone cancer include wide surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, some bone cancer cells may remain or recur in the local area after resection, some are highly resistant to chemotherapy, and some are insensitive to radiotherapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved, minimally invasive, and highly selective treatment, and has been widely reported for cancer therapy. Under the irradiation of light of a specific wavelength, the photosensitizer (PS) in PDT can cause the increase of intracellular ROS leading to the tumoricidal effects. In this review, the progress of PDT applications in the treatment of bone cancer has been outlined and summarized, and some envisioned challenges and future perspectives have been mentioned. This review provides the current state of the art regarding PDT in bone cancer and inspiration for future studies on PDT.
  • 552
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Gut Microbiome in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer, accounting for approximately 85–90% of all cases of liver cancer worldwide. The gut microbiome can serve as a potential non-invasive biomarker for early HCC detection and may also impact the effectiveness of immunotherapy in cancer treatment.
  • 552
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Breast Cancer Management and Extracellular Vesicle Research
Extracellular vesicles are lipid bilayer-enclosed particles released from all types of cells and found in biological fluids, which transport variable content and have crucial functions in cell–cell communication. The role of extracellular vesicles in cancer is a current hot topic, and no bibliometric study has ever analyzed research production regarding their role in breast cancer and indicated the trends in the field. In this way, the study aimed to investigate the trends in breast cancer management involved with extracellular vesicle research.
  • 552
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Microbiota-Derived Butyrate in Colorectal Cancer
Butyrate is one of the main short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) with anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties in colorectal cancer (CRC). Increased daily intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) significantly increases the density of bacteria that are known to produce butyrate. Omega-3 PUFAs have been proposed as a treatment to prevent gut microbiota dysregulation and lower the risk or progression of CRC.
  • 551
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Bone Marrow Adipocytes
Bone marrow adipocytes are scattered throughout the hematopoietic or “red” marrow, or are densely packed in the marrow cavity, creating “yellow” marrow. 
  • 550
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
KRAS Mutation in PDAC
The vast majority of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas harbor KRAS mutations in their tumors. Functionally, mutated KRAS is not only dedicated to tumor cell proliferation, survival and invasiveness, but also causing the immunosuppression in this cancer. 
  • 550
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Phytonutrients in Curing Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common causes of female mortality around the globe. It is the second most common cancer and the fifth leading cause of death from cancer in the world. It accounts for around 25% of all female cancers. The worldwide incidence of BC in 2012 was 1.67 million, which is alarming. The incidence may increase to 3.2 million by 2050. Males may also develop BC, but this is very rare, accounting for <1% of diagnosed BCs worldwide. BC may be of different types, based on various factors including etiology, location, and clinical and molecular characteristics. Based on location, BC may be of two types; namely, non-invasive and invasive. Non-invasive BC does not extend away from the lobules or duct where it is located. Invasive BC, on the other hand, reaches out from the lobules and ducts to the nearby mammary tissue.
  • 550
  • 18 Aug 2021
Topic Review
NLRP7 in Normal and Malignant Trophoblast Cells
NLRP7 is a member of a new family of proteins that contributes to innate immune processes. Depending on its level of expression, NLRP7 can function in an inflammasome-dependent or independent pathway.
  • 550
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Carbonic Anhydrase IX for Cancer Immunotherapy
Carbonic anhydrases are metalloenzymes that reversibly catalyze the hydration of carbon dioxide, generating bicarbonate ions and protons. Several tumors, such as clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), glioblastoma, triple-negative breast cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal, and others overexpress carbonic anhydrase isoform IX (CAIX). The CAIX enzyme is constitutively overexpressed in the vast majority of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and can also be induced in hypoxic microenvironments, a major hallmark of most solid tumors. CAIX expression is restricted to a few sites in healthy tissues, positioning this molecule as a strategic target for cancer immunotherapy.
  • 550
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Zinc and Breast Cancer Survival
Zinc is an essential mineral incorporated into at least 300 enzymes, and is involved in numerous signaling pathways important for, e.g., cell proliferation and differentiation, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and redox regulation. Zinc has been reported in preclinical studies to trigger an interplay of G protein estrogen receptor with insulin-like growth factor receptor I (IGF-IR) and epidermal growth factor receptor, which results in the activation of important transduction pathways and biological responses such as proliferation and migration in breast cancer cells.
  • 550
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
The Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group A Protein
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a central DNA repair pathway responsible for removing a wide variety of DNA-distorting lesions from the genome. The highly choreographed cascade of core NER reactions requires more than 30 polypeptides. The xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA) protein plays an essential role in the NER process. XPA interacts with almost all NER participants and organizes the correct NER repair complex. In the absence of XPA’s scaffolding function, no repair process occurs. Researchers briefly summarize the knowledge about the XPA protein structure and analyze the formation of contact with its protein partners during NER complex assembling.
  • 550
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Role of p53 and TAp73 in Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial pediatric tumor. Although children with low- and intermediate-risk neuroblastoma, which correspond to approximately half of all newly diagnosed cases, have a good event-free and overall survival, high-risk neuroblastoma can be extremely aggressive and hard-to-treat tumors. In neuroblastoma, p53 and TAp73 act as safeguards against malignant transformation, but they are commonly inhibited by negative regulators, such as MDMs, Itch, and Aurora kinase A.
  • 550
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Gut Microbiome and Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a significant global health burden, ranking as the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The gut microbiome, composed of trillions of commensal microorganisms, plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis and overall health. Mounting evidence suggests that alterations in the gut microbiome, referred to as dysbiosis, may contribute to the initiation and progression of CRC by modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME), including the tumor stroma.
  • 550
  • 05 Sep 2023
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