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Topic Review
Mobility Apps for Improving Urban Travel Patterns
In recent decades cities have applied a number of policy measures aimed at reducing car use and increasing public transportation (PT) patronage. Persuasive strategies to change mobility behavior present notable limitations in economic and logistical terms and have only minor impacts. The smartphone has emerged as a promising tool to overcome these challenges, as it can host persuasion strategies through mobility apps. Simultaneously, Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) schemes could open up new possibilities for addressing both sustainability goals and the needs of urban travelers.
  • 2.0K
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Comparison of Internet Relay Chat Daemons
The following tables compare general and technical information including the differences in feature sets between popular IRC daemons. Grey entries in the list represent supposedly unmaintained daemons. This article is neither all-inclusive nor necessarily up-to-date, be warned.
  • 2.0K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Soyuz 1
Soyuz 1 (Russian: Союз 1, Union 1) was a crewed spaceflight of the Soviet space program. Launched into orbit on 23 April 1967 carrying cosmonaut colonel Vladimir Komarov, Soyuz 1 was the first crewed flight of the Soyuz spacecraft. The flight was plagued with technical issues, and Komarov was killed when the descent module crashed into the ground due to a parachute failure. This was the first in-flight fatality in the history of spaceflight. The original mission plan was complex, involving a rendezvous with Soyuz 2 and an exchange of crew members before returning to Earth. However, the launch of Soyuz 2 was called off due to thunderstorms.
  • 2.0K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Electro-gyration
The electrogyration effect is the spatial dispersion phenomenon, that consists in the change of optical activity (gyration) of crystals by a constant or time-varying electric field. Being a spatial dispersion effect, the induced optical activity exhibit different behavior under the operation of wave vector reversal, when compared with the Faraday effect: the optical activity increment associated with the electrogyration effect changes its sign under that operation, contrary to the Faraday effect. Formally, it is a special case of gyroelectromagnetism obtained when the magnetic permeability tensor is diagonal. 
  • 2.0K
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Design and Preparation of Chitosan Hydrogels
Flexible wearable sensors show great potential for applications in wearable devices, remote health monitoring, artificial intelligence, soft robotics, and artificial skin due to their stretchability, bendability, thinness and portability, and excellent electrical properties. Chitosan (CS) is the only alkaline polysaccharide present in nature, which is deacetylated from chitin, and has attracted great interest in the biomedical field due to biocompatibility, non-toxicity, biodegradability, antimicrobial ability and safety. Tremendous efforts have focused on the advancement of chitosan-based hydrogels (CS-Gels) to realize multifunctional wearable sensing by modifying hydrogel networks with additives/nanofillers/functional groups.
  • 2.0K
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Long-Wavelength Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers
Single-mode long-wavelength (LW) vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) present an inexpensive alternative to DFB-lasers for data communication in next-generation giga data centers, where optical links with large transmission distances are required. The use of long-wavelength (1300–1550 nm) single-mode (SM) VCSELs makes it possible to reduce the modal and chromatic dispersion in an optical link and, as a result, to extend its reach. Moreover, spatial division multiplexing (SDM) transmission by multicore fibers using long-wavelength (LW or short-wavelength infrared, SWIR) VCSELs are enabling many larger-scale data center networks than presently possible. 1300 nm VCSELs are of particularly strong importance for hybrid integration with silicon photonics, providing integrated modulators and InP- and GaAs-based integrated photonic circuits.
  • 2.0K
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Probiotic Potential of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and its Fermented Foods
Lb. plantarum is a kind of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) widely distributed in fermented food and the human intestinal tract, some strains of which have important effects on human health and the potential to be developed into probiotics.
  • 2.0K
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
47,XYY Syndrome
47,XYY syndrome is characterized by an extra copy of the Y chromosome in each of a male's cells. Although many males with this condition are taller than average, the chromosomal change sometimes causes no unusual physical features. Most males with 47,XYY syndrome have normal production of the male sex hormone testosterone and normal sexual development, and they are usually able to father children.  
  • 2.0K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Insulin
Insulin is used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, which is characterized by hyperglycemia. Subcutaneous injections are the standard mode of delivery for insulin therapy; however, this procedure is very often invasive, which hinders patient compliance, particularly for individuals requiring insulin doses four times a day. Furthermore, cases have been reported of sudden hypoglycemia occurrences following multidose insulin injections. Such an invasive and intensive approach motivates the quest for alternative, more user-friendly insulin administration approaches. For example, transdermal delivery has numerous advantages, such as prolonged drug release, low variability in the drug plasma level, and improved patient compliance.
  • 2.0K
  • 05 Feb 2021
Topic Review
LC-MS/MS for the Diagnosis of Organic Acidemias
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has already been used in many clinical laboratories for a broad range of clinical tests, such as therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and the analysis of hormones and vitamins, as well as organic acid analysis.
  • 2.0K
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Signal Peptide Interactions during ER Translocation
Cleavable endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal peptides (SPs) and other non-cleavable signal sequences target roughly a quarter of the human proteome to the ER. These short peptides, mostly located at the N-termini of proteins, are highly diverse. For most proteins targeted to the ER, it is the interactions between the signal sequences and the various ER targeting and translocation machineries such as the signal recognition particle (SRP), the protein-conducting channel Sec61, and the signal peptidase complex (SPC) that determine the proteins’ target location and provide translocation fidelity. 
  • 2.0K
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Nickel-Titanium Rotary Instruments in Endodontics
Since the introduction of Nickel-Titanium alloy as the material of choice for the manufacturing of endodontic rotary instruments, the success rate of the root canal therapies has been significantly increased. This success mainly arises from the properties of the Nickel-Titanium alloy: the biocompatibility, the superelasticity and the shape memory effect. Those characteristics have led to a reduction in time of endodontic treatments, a simplification of instrumentation procedures and an increase of predictability and effectiveness of endodontic treatments. Nevertheless, the intracanal separation of Nickel-Titanium rotary instruments is still a major concern of endodontists, with a consequent possible reduction in the outcome rate. As thoroughly demonstrated, the two main causes of intracanal separation of endodontic instruments are the cyclic fatigue and the torsional loads. As results, in order to reduce the percentage of intracanal separation researches and manufacturers have been focused on the parameters that directly or indirectly influence mechanical properties of endodontic rotary instruments. This entry describes the current state of the art regarding the Nickel-Titanium alloy in endodontics, the mechanical behavior of endodontic rotary instruments and the relative stresses acting on them during intracanal instrumentation, highlighting the limitation of the current literature.
  • 2.0K
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
β-Adrenergic Agonist Residue Point-of-Care Testing
The illegal use of β-adrenergic agonists during livestock growth poses a threat to public health; the long-term intake of this medication can cause serious physiological side effects and even death. Therefore, rapid detection methods for β-adrenergic agonist residues on-site are required. Traditional detection methods such as liquid chromatography have limitations in terms of expensive instruments and complex operations. In contrast, paper methods are low cost, ubiquitous, and portable, which has led to them becoming the preferred detection method in recent years. Various paper-based fluidic devices have been developed to detect β-adrenergic agonist residues, including lateral flow immunoassays (LFAs) and microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs).
  • 2.0K
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Stone Cultural Heritage Elements
Stones are ones of the most ancient natural materials exploited by humans, with different uses, from tools to buildings, that have endured over time in better conditions than other objects belonging to cultural heritage. Given the importance of those silent witnesses of the past, as well as our duty to preserve all parts of cultural heritage for future generations, much effort was put into the development of materials for their consolidation, protection, self-cleaning, or restoration.
  • 2.0K
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Social Media Ethics: Balancing Transparency, AI Marketing, and Misinformation
Social media refers to digital platforms that enable users to create, share, and engage with content within virtual communities. Platforms like Facebook, X, Instagram, and TikTok have democratized content creation, allowing individuals to share ideas, opinions, and experiences with global audiences. Social media has revolutionized the way information is shared and consumed, offering unprecedented opportunities for learning, engagement, and democratic participation. However, this accessibility comes with significant ethical challenges, particularly centered around the paradox of freedom versus harm—the tension between upholding freedom of expression and mitigating the harms of misinformation, privacy violations, and AI-driven bias. This entry explores the dilemmas and opportunities associated with social media, examining how these platforms shape public discourse, influence consumer behavior, and challenge traditional notions of truth and accountability. It aims to provide policymakers, educators, and platform designers with actionable insights to foster ethical social media environments.
  • 2.0K
  • 26 Jun 2025
Topic Review
Turbo
Turbo (formerly Spoon and Xenocode) is a set of software products and services developed by the Code Systems Corporation for application virtualization, portable application creation, and digital distribution. Code Systems Corporation is an American corporation headquartered in Seattle, Washington (state) , and is best known for its Turbo products that include Browser Sandbox, Turbo Studio, TurboServer, and Turbo. Kenji Obata founded Code Systems Corporation in 2006 and introduced Turbo’s precursor, Xenocode. Xenocode was an early application virtualization engine for the Windows platform. Obata serves as the CEO of the corporation, which had become commonly known as Spoon since a rebranding in 2010. Turbo’s tools package conventional software applications for Microsoft Windows in a portable application format that can be delivered via a single executable or streamed over the web. Files and settings automatically synchronize across devices via Turbo’s patented virtualization technology which allows access to local files and printers from web-based applications.
  • 2.0K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Aurivillius-Phase Bi4Ti3O12-nBiFeO3 Materials
Aurivillius-type layered compound have attracted increasing research interest, especially in recent 20 years, due to their promising electrical properties as new lead-free piezoelectric materials operating at high temperatures. For instance, the well-known Bi4Ti3O12, presents large spontaneous polarization, anisotropy and high ferroelectric Curie temperature and have wide applications in the electronic industry, capacitors, transducers, nonvolatile ferroelectric memories, piezoelectric sensors and optical devices. To increase functionality of Bi4Ti3O12 modification with BiFeO3 is very promising, which is also a methodology for constructing single-phase multiferroics in which ferrelectricity and magnetic ordering are coupled near room temperature. Combining these two materials exhibiting different physical performances one can create a kind of novel materials and thus achieve functionality. Herein, we summarized the recent progress in the field of synthesis of BFTO-n materials with various architectures and highlighted their extraordinary properties for promising applications in the electronic industry, quantum devices, capacitors, transducers, microwave absorbers, catalysts and photoelectric devices. 
  • 2.0K
  • 13 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Styela clava
Tunicates occupy the evolutionary position at the boundary of invertebrates and vertebrates. It exhibits adaptation to broad environmental conditions and is distributed globally. Despite hundreds of years of embryogenesis studies, the genetic basis of the invasive habits of ascidians remains largely unknown. The leathery sea squirt, Styela clava, is an important invasive species. We used the chromosomal‐level genome and transcriptome of S. clava to explore its genomic‐ and molecular‐network‐based mechanisms of adaptation to environments. Compared with Ciona intestinalis type A (C. robusta), the size of the S. clava genome was expanded by 2‐fold, although the gene number was comparable. An increase in transposon number and variation in dominant types were identified as potential expansion mechanisms. In the S. clava genome, the number of genes encoding the heat‐shock protein 70 family and members of the complement system was expanded significantly, and cold‐shock protein genes were transferred horizontally into the S. clava genome from bacteria. The expanded gene families potentially play roles in the adaptation of S. clava to its environments. The loss of key genes in the galactan synthesis pathway might explain the distinct tunic structure and hardness compared with the ascidian Ciona species. And to explore the role of transcription factors (TFs)  in embryonic development and environmental adaptation, we systematically identified and analyzed TFs in S. clava genome. We reported 553 TFs categorized into 60 families from S. clava, based on the whole genome data. Comparison of TFs analysis among the tunicate species revealed that the gene number in the zinc finger superfamily displayed the most significant discrepancy, indicating this family was under the highly evolutionary selection and might be related to species differentiation and environmental adaptation. The greatest number of TFs was discovered in the Cys2His2-type zinc finger protein (zf-C2H2) family in S. clava. From the point of temporal view, more than half the TFs were expressed at the early embryonic stage. The expression correlation analysis revealed the existence of a transition for TFs expression from early embryogenesis to the later larval development in S. clava. Eight Hox genes were identified to be located on one chromosome, exhibiting different arrangement and expression patterns, compared to Ciona robusta. 
  • 2.0K
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
Deep Learning-based Fault Diagnosis of Electric Motors
Electric motors are used extensively in numerous industries, and their failure can result not only in machine damage but also a slew of other issues, such as financial loss, injuries, etc. As a result, there is a significant scope to use robust fault diagnosis technology. In recent years, interesting research results on fault diagnosis for electric motors have been documented. Deep learning in the fault detection of electric equipment has shown comparatively better results than traditional approaches because of its more powerful and sophisticated feature extraction capabilities.
  • 2.0K
  • 09 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Methods for Measurement of Free Water Surface
Turbulent free-surface flows are encountered in several engineering applications and are typically characterized by the entrainment of air bubbles due to intense mixing and surface deformation. The resulting complex multiphase structure of the air–water interface presents a challenge in precise and reliable measurements of the free-water-surface topography. Conventional methods by manometers, wave probes, point gauges or electromagnetic/ultrasonic devices are proven and reliable, but also time-consuming, with limited accuracy and are mostly intrusive. Accurate spatial and temporal measurements of complex three-dimensional free-surface flows in natural and man-made hydraulic structures are only viable by high-resolution non-contact methods, namely, The light detection and ranging (LIDAR)-based laser scanning, photogrammetric reconstruction from cameras with overlapping field of view, or laser triangulation that combines laser ranging with high-speed imaging data. In the absence of seeding particles and optical calibration targets, sufficient flow aeration is essential for the operation of both laser- and photogrammetry-based methods, with local aeration properties significantly affecting the measurement uncertainty of laser-based methods.
  • 2.0K
  • 16 Feb 2023
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