You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Equine Welfare and Assessment in the United Kingdom
In order to assess equine welfare meaningfully, it is important to consider what is meant by ‘animal welfare’, and there are varied definitions of the term. These include ideas that welfare is the animal’s state regarding attempts to cope with his/her environment, incorporating both physical health and mental wellbeing, which are influenced by factors such as those from the 'five freedoms' and the 'five domains', and concepts focusing on the quality of life, such as 'a life worth living'. Differences in definitions may arise due to differences in moral or ethical standards of society and stakeholders being inclined to emphasise different aspects of animal welfare (e.g., health, productivity, behaviour, ‘naturalness’, etc.).
  • 817
  • 10 May 2022
Topic Review
Livestock Artificial Insemination
Artificial insemination is a crucial technology for livestock producers world-wide. This technology has afforded producers access to premier genetics without having to physically own superior sires.
  • 815
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota and Osteoarthritis
Some say that all diseases begin in the gut. Interestingly, this concept is actually quite old, since it is attributed to the Ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, who proposed the hypothesis nearly 2500 years ago. The continuous breakthroughs in modern medicine have transformed our classic understanding of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and human health. Although the gut microbiota (GMB) has proven to be a core component of human health under standard metabolic conditions, there is now also a strong link connecting the composition and function of the GMB to the development of numerous diseases, especially the ones of musculoskeletal nature. The symbiotic microbes that reside in the gastrointestinal tract are very sensitive to biochemical stimuli and may respond in many different ways depending on the nature of these biological signals. Certain variables such as nutrition and physical modulation can either enhance or disrupt the equilibrium between the various species of gut microbes.
  • 815
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Sloths
Sloths are some of the most fascinating and unique creatures in the animal kingdom. Known for their incredibly slow movements, these tree-dwelling mammals spend most of their lives hanging upside down in the rainforests of Central and South America. But there's so much more to them than just their leisurely pace.
  • 813
  • 29 Apr 2025
Topic Review
MicroRNAs and Calcium Signaling in Heart Disease
In hearts, calcium (Ca2+) signaling is a crucial regulatory mechanism of muscle contraction and electrical signals that determine heart rhythm and control cell growth. Ca2+ signals must be tightly controlled for a healthy heart, and the impairment of Ca2+ handling proteins is a key hallmark of heart disease. The discovery of microRNA (miRNAs) as a new class of gene regulators has greatly expanded our understanding of the controlling module of cardiac Ca2+ cycling. Furthermore, many studies have explored the involvement of miRNAs in heart diseases.
  • 812
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Bioacoustic Detection of Wolves
Wolves (Canis lupus) are generally monitored by visual observations, camera traps, and DNA traces. However, several studies use acoustic devices to monitor wolves.
  • 812
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Biofilm and Microbial Food Safety
Food-processing facilities harbor a wide diversity of microorganisms that persist and interact in multispecies biofilms, which could provide an ecological niche for pathogens to better colonize and gain tolerance against sanitization. Biofilm formation by foodborne pathogens is a serious threat to food safety and public health. Biofilms are formed in an environment through synergistic interactions within the microbial community through mutual adaptive response to their long-term coexistence. Mixed-species biofilms are more tolerant to sanitizers than single-species biofilms or their planktonic equivalents. Hence, there is a need to explore how multispecies biofilms help in protecting the foodborne pathogen from common sanitizers and disseminate biofilm cells from hotspots and contaminate food products. This knowledge will help in designing microbial interventions to mitigate foodborne pathogens in the processing environment. As the global need for safe, high-quality, and nutritious food increases, it is vital to study foodborne pathogen behavior and engineer new interventions that safeguard food from contamination with pathogens.
  • 812
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Resistance in Companion Animals
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is currently one of the main concerns worldwide, signalled by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as one of the top 10 global public health threats in 2019. Indeed, the prevalence of multi-resistant bacteria and the difficulty of treating bacterial infections in both animals and humans have increased in recent years. Moreover, AMR is considered a One Health issue, as it englobes animal, human and environmental health.
  • 812
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Postharvest Plant Protection
Sustainable and organic plant production uses natural products and natural self-regulation processes occurring in the ecosystem. The awareness is growing and the demands of consumers are higher and higher.
  • 811
  • 20 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Servaline Genet
The Servaline Genet (Genetta servalina) is a sleek and agile carnivore found in sub-Saharan Africa, known for its slender body, long tail, and distinctive coat pattern of spots and stripes. Despite its resemblance to a small cat, the Servaline Genet is a member of the Viverridae family, exhibiting a unique blend of feline and mongoose-like characteristics. Typically nocturnal and solitary, these elusive creatures are adept climbers and hunters, preying on a variety of small vertebrates and insects in their forested habitats.
  • 811
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Overcompensation: an Ideal Breeding Target?
The phenomenon of overcompensation has been reported in various plant species although it has been treated by some as isolated incidents with only limited values. Reviewing reports on the extensive studies of defoliation in maize showed that different genotypes respond differently to defoliation, varying from phenomenal increase to significant loss in grain yield. The different responses of maize in kernel yield among genotypes to defoliation are confirmed in our experiments conducted in both China and Australia.
  • 810
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Starch Modifications Outside the Plant System
Starch has been a convenient, economically important polymer with substantial applications in the food and processing industry. However, native starches present restricted applications, which hinder their industrial usage. Therefore, modification of starch is carried out to augment the positive characteristics and eliminate the limitations of the native starches. Modifications of starch can result in generating novel polymers with numerous functional and value-added properties that suit the needs of the industry. 
  • 810
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Milk Somatic Cell Score
Mastitis is one of the most frequently encountered diseases in dairy cattle, negatively affecting animal welfare and milk production. For this reason, contributions to understanding its genomic architecture are of great interest. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple loci associated with somatic cell score (SCS) and mastitis in cattle.
  • 809
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Nucleotide-Binding Leucine-Rich Repeat Gene in Wheat
Wheat has a large and diverse repertoire of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLRs) involved in disease resistance, with over 1500 NLRs detected in some studies. These NLR genes occur as singletons or clusters containing copies of NLRs from different phylogenetic clades. The number of NLRs and cluster size can differ drastically among ecotypes and cultivars.
  • 808
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Cow With/Without Calving Assistance
There has been increased interest in the care and housing of cows with concerns for cow welfare given the increasing size of the average dairy herd across developed countries. Animal welfare concerns are commonly directed at farm animals, and in particular housed and more intensive production systems with large numbers of animals. With larger herds the expectation is often that each dairy stockperson will look after more animals as farms either seek to reduce labor costs or find it difficult to source skilled labor.
  • 807
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Infrared Thermography: Sick Domestic Animals
Infrared thermography (IRT) has proven to be a reliable method for the early detection of pathologies affecting animal health and welfare that represent economic losses for farmers. However, the standardization of protocols for IRT use is still needed.
  • 807
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
New sdRNA LBC Helper Virus from Killer Yeasts
The T. delbrueckii Kbarr2 killer strain contains two M killer viruses (Mbarr1 and M1) and a LBC virus (TdV-LBCbarr2), which has helper capability to maintain both M viruses. The genomes of TdV-LBCbarr1 and TdV-LBCbarr2 were characterized by high-throughput sequencing (HTS). Both RNA genomes share sequence identity and similar organization with their ScV-LBC counterparts. They contain all conserved motifs required for translation, packaging, and replication of viral RNA. Their Gag-Pol amino-acid sequences also contain the features required for cap-snatching and RNA polymerase activity. However, some of these motifs and features are similar to those of LA viruses, which may explain that at least TdV-LBCbarr2 has a helper ability to maintain M killer viruses. 
  • 807
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Clostridium perfringens Necrotic Enteritis B-like Toxin
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a devastating enteric disease caused by Clostridium perfringens type A/G that impacts the global poultry industry by compromising the performance, health, and welfare of chickens. Coccidiosis is a major contributing factor to NE. Although NE pathogenesis was believed to be facilitated by α-toxin, a chromosome-encoded phospholipase C enzyme, studies have indicated that NE B-like (NetB) toxin, a plasmid-encoded pore-forming heptameric protein, is the primary virulence factor. Since the discovery of NetB toxin, the occurrence of NetB+ C. perfringens strains has been increasingly reported in NE-afflicted poultry flocks globally. It is generally accepted that NetB toxin is the primary virulent factor in NE pathogenesis although scientific evidence is emerging that suggests other toxins contribute to NE. Because of the complex nature of the host-pathogen interaction in NE pathogenesis, the interaction of NetB with other potential virulent factors of C. perfringens needs better characterization.
  • 807
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Archaea in Pigs
Archaea is identified as the key link in the interaction between gut microbiota and host metabo-lism. Studies on human and mice have reported archaea, especially methanogenic archaea, makes an important impact on the energy harvesting capacity of the host by improving fermentation. But, in pigs, the metabolic potential of archaea at different production stages are still largely unknown.
  • 806
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
UASs Application in Viticultural Scenarios
New technologies for management, monitoring, and control of spatio-temporal crop variability in precision viticulture scenarios are numerous. Remote sensing relies on sensors able to provide useful data for the improvement of management efficiency and the optimization of inputs. unmanned aerial systems (UASs) are the newest and most versatile tools, characterized by high precision and accuracy, flexibility, and low operating costs. 
  • 805
  • 15 Mar 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 70
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback