Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota for Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
Liver cirrhosis is a chronic disease that can be complicated by episodes of decompensation such as variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, ascites, and jaundice, with subsequent increased mortality. Infections are also among the most common complications in cirrhotic patients, mostly due to a defect in immunosurveillance. Among them, one of the most frequent is spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), defined as the primary infection of ascitic fluid without other abdominal foci. SBP is mainly induced by Gram-negative bacteria living in the intestinal tract, and translocating through the intestinal barrier, which in cirrhotic patients is defective and more permeable.
  • 2.0K
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
CLIP
CLIP (cross-linking immunoprecipitation) is a method used in molecular biology that combines UV cross-linking with immunoprecipitation in order to analyse protein interactions with RNA or to precisely locate RNA modifications (e.g. m6A). CLIP-based techniques can be used to map RNA binding protein binding sites or RNA modification sites of interest on a genome-wide scale, thereby increasing the understanding of post-transcriptional regulatory networks.
  • 2.0K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Harmonic Radio Frequency Identification
Harmonic Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system operates at two different frequencies for uplink and downlink communication unlike conventional RFID systems. Operating at two frequencies provides many operational advantages over RFID system.
  • 2.0K
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Monitoring and Addressing Land Subsidence Hazards in Semarang
Land subsidence is a major cause of environmental degradation. It increases the exposure of global sea level rise-related disasters in coastal cities lying on young sediment. This article reviews the advancement of measures in dealing with this hazard taken by researchers, the government, and the people.
  • 2.0K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Singing Voice Detection
Singing voice detection or vocal detection is a classification task that determines whether there is a singing voice in a given audio segment. This process is a crucial preprocessing step that can improve the performance of other tasks such as automatic lyrics alignment, singing melody transcription, singing voice separation, vocal melody extraction, and many more.
  • 2.0K
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cooperative Learning
Cooperative learning is an educational approach which aims to organize classroom activities into academic and social learning experiences. . There is much more to cooperative learning than merely arranging students into groups, and it has been described as "structuring positive interdependence." Students must work in groups to complete tasks collectively toward academic goals. Unlike individual learning, which can be competitive in nature, students learning cooperatively can capitalize on one another's resources and skills (asking one another for information, evaluating one another's ideas, monitoring one another's work, etc.). Furthermore, the teacher's role changes from giving information to facilitating students' learning. Everyone succeeds when the group succeeds. Ross and Smyth (1995) describe successful cooperative learning tasks as intellectually demanding, creative, open-ended, and involve higher order thinking tasks. Cooperative learning has also been linked to increased levels of student satisfaction. Five essential elements are identified for the successful incorporation of cooperative learning in the classroom: According to Johnson and Johnson's meta-analysis, students in cooperative learning settings compared to those in individualistic or competitive learning settings, achieve more, reason better, gain higher self-esteem, like classmates and the learning tasks more and have more perceived social support.
  • 2.0K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Recall (Memory)
Recall in memory refers to the mental process of retrieval of information from the past. Along with encoding and storage, it is one of the three core processes of memory. There are three main types of recall: free recall, cued recall and serial recall. Psychologists test these forms of recall as a way to study the memory processes of humans and animals. Two main theories of the process of recall are the two-stage theory and the theory of encoding specificity.
  • 2.0K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Animated Cartoon
An animated cartoon is a film for the cinema, television or computer screen, which is made using sequential drawings, as opposed to animation in general, which include films made using clay, puppets, 3D modeling and other means. Animated cartoons are still created for entertainment, commercial, educational and personal purposes.
  • 2.0K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Modifications Approaches of Potato Constituents
There are various physical, chemical, and biochemical modifications approaches for potato constituents. Physical modifications to alter the physicochemical properties of powders including starches and proteins are e.g., hydrothermal treatment, irradiation, ultrasonication and high-pressure treatment. Starches and proteins, which have been modified via physical methods do not have to be claimed as “modified”. Physical modification is also viewed as cost-efficient and environmentally friendly, because no hazardous substances (chemicals) are used. Chemical modifications refer to the substitution, cross-linking or degradation of a polymer via chemical reaction. Starch contains a large number of hydroxyl groups, and proteins contain a variety of different functional groups (hydroxyl-, carboxyl-, amine groups, etc.). These functional groups can be used as reactive sides for chemical modification reactions such as acylation, esterification, etherification, cross-linking, grafting, acid hydrolysis and oxidation. Biochemical modifications of starches and proteins including enzymatic substitution, cross-linking or hydrolysis are usually regarded as a clean or green alternative to chemical modification. Throughout the different biochemical modification methods, substrate specific enzymes can be used such as in enzymatic de-/branching modification, where the branched structure of potato starch can be altered to effect starch crystallinity and thus its properties.
  • 2.0K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Sjögren’s Syndrome
Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that affects primarily older women and is characterized by irreversible damage of the exocrine glands, including tear (xerophthalmia) and salivary glands (xerostomia). Secretory glands lose their functionality due to the infiltration of immune cells, which produce cytokines and cause inflammation. Primary SS is characterized by dry syndrome with or without systemic commitment in the absence of other pathologies. Secondary SS is accompanied by other autoimmune diseases with high activation of B lymphocytes and the production of autoantibodies, including the rheumatoid factor. Other cells, such as CD4+ T cells and mast cells (MCs), participate in SS inflammation. MCs are ubiquitous, but are primarily located close to blood vessels and nerves and can be activated early in autoimmune diseases to express a wide variety of cytokines and chemokines. In the SS acute phase, MCs react by generating chemical mediators of inflammation, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-33.
  • 2.0K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Aluminum Toxicity
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major environmental stress that inhibits plant growth and development in acidic soils. 
  • 2.0K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Fused Filament Fabrication Process
Three-dimensional printing (3DP), also known as additive manufacturing (AM), has rapidly evolved over the past few decades. Researchers around the globe have been putting their efforts into AM processes improvement and materials development. One of the most widely used extrusion-based technology under AM processes is Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), also known as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). Numerical simulation tools are being employed to predict the FFF process complexities and material behavior. These tools allow exploring candidate materials for their potential use in the FFF process and process improvements. The prime objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art scientific achievements in numerical simulations of the FFF process for polymers and their composites.
  • 2.0K
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Trachodon Mummy
The Trachodon mummy is a fossilized natural mummy of Edmontosaurus annectens (originally known as Trachodon annectens), a duckbilled dinosaur. One of the finest dinosaur specimens so far discovered, it was the first including a skeleton encased in skin impressions from large parts of the body. This specimen has considerably influenced the scientific conception of duckbilled dinosaurs. Skin impressions found in between the fingers have been interpreted as evidence for an aquatic lifestyle; this hypothesis is now rejected. The mummy was found by fossil hunter Charles Hazelius Sternberg and his three sons near Lusk, Wyoming, United States in 1908. Although Sternberg was working under contract to the British Museum of Natural History, Henry Fairfield Osborn of the American Museum of Natural History managed to secure the mummy.
  • 2.0K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Incoherence of the Philosophers
The Incoherence of the Philosophers (تهافت الفلاسفة Tahāfut al-Falāsifaʰ in Arabic) is the title of a landmark 11th-century work by the Persian theologian Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazali and a student of the Asharite school of Islamic theology criticizing the Avicennian school of early Islamic philosophy. Muslim philosophers such as Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Al-Farabi (Alpharabius) are denounced in this book, as they follow Greek philosophy even when it contradicts Islam. The text was dramatically successful, and marked a milestone in the ascendance of the Asharite school within Islamic philosophy and theological discourse. The book favors faith over philosophy in matters specifically concerning metaphysics or knowledge of the divine.
  • 2.0K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Self-Healing Polymer, Metal, and Ceramic Matrix Composites
Composites can be divided into three groups based on their matrix materials, namely polymer, metal and ceramic. Composite materials fail due to micro cracks. Repairing is complex and almost impossible if cracks appear on the surface and interior, which minimizes reliability and material life. In order to save the material from failure and prolong its lifetime without compromising mechanical properties, self-healing is one of the emerging and best techniques. 
  • 2.0K
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Overview of Ocular Delivery Systems
Many disorders of the anterior region of the eye may be efficiently treated via topical administration; however, it is more challenging to target conventional therapeutic doses to the posterior of the eye in this manner. Thus, various nanocarriers have been created and investigated for the transport of drugs and genes to the anterior or the posterior portions of the eyes. Liposomes, nanoparticles, micelles, inserts, implants, hydrogel, and emulsions are some of the most frequently utilized drug delivery systems.
  • 2.0K
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Image-Based Malware Detection
Image conversion of malicious binaries, or binary visualisation, is a relevant approach in the security community. It has exceeded the role of a single-file malware analysis tool and has become a part of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) thanks to the adoption of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs).
  • 2.0K
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Pepper-Box
The pepper-box revolver or simply pepperbox (also "pepper-pot", from its resemblance to the household pepper shakers) is a multiple-barrel firearm, mostly in the form of a handgun, that has three or more gun barrels in a coaxially revolving mechanism. Each barrel holds a single shot, and the shooter can manually rotate the whole barrel assembly to sequentially index each barrel into alignment with the lock/hammer, similar to operating a revolver cylinder. Pepperbox guns have existed for all action and ammunition systems: matchlock, wheellock, flintlock, snaplock, caplock, pinfire, rimfire and centerfire. While they are usually sidearms, a few long guns were also made. For example, Samuel Colt owned a three-barrel pepperbox matchlock musket from British India, and an eight-barrel pepperbox shotgun was designed in 1967 but never went into production.
  • 2.0K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
React (Media Franchise)
React (sometimes stylized in all caps as REACT) is a media franchise used by the Fine Brothers consisting of several online series centering on a group of individuals reacting to viral videos, trends, video games, film trailers, or music videos. React was also the first react channel on YouTube. The franchise was launched with the YouTube debut of Kids React in October 2010, and then grew to encompass four more series uploaded on the Fine Brothers' primary YouTube channel, a separate YouTube channel with various reaction-related content, as well as a television series titled React to That. In 2016, the duo announced React World, a program and channel in which they would license the format of their React shows to creators, which led to widespread negative reception from viewers and fellow content creators, as well as confusion about what their format is. This eventually lead to the Fine Brothers to removing all videos related to React World, essentially pulling the plug on the React World program.
  • 2.0K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Groundwater dynamics
Analytical solutions of groundwater dynamics in an elongated aquifer subjected to general time-dependent recharge are presented. The lateral boundaries are specified heads with the head variations governed by general time-dependent functions.  General recharge function was not considered in previous works of this kind. Both single and double-porosity aquifers are considered. The solution is obtained using Fourier sine and Laplace transformations, followed by an inverse Fourier-Laplace transform involving residue theorem and convolutional integral. For the unconfined single-porosity aquifer case, the exact time-domain solution is obtained using the residue theorem; for the unconfined double-porosity aquifer case, the time-domain head is calculated using the de Hoog inverse Laplace algorithm. The presented solution can be used to estimate the hydraulic parameters of 1) groundwater head variation of a river basin aquifer subjected to general lateral head variation and recharge; 2) groundwater head variation in a double-porosity elongated fractured anticline; 3) groundwater depletion of an elongated fractured anticline subjected to recharge due to rainfall or snowmelt to its adjacent alluvial aquifer.  In addition, the presented solution can be utilized to optimize the irrigation pattern in a cropland between two trench drains to control the groundwater mound.
  • 2.0K
  • 23 Dec 2020
  • Page
  • of
  • 2728
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback