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Topic Review
Fermented Cereal-based Products
Fermentation, as a process to increase the security of food supply, represents an integral part of food culture development worldwide. In the evolving functional food era where new sophisticated technological tools are leading to significant transformations in the field of nutritional sciences and science-driven approaches for new product design, fermentation technology is brought to the forefront again since it provides a solid foundation for the development of safe food products with unique nutritional and functional attributes.
  • 2.1K
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Microgrid Energy Management and Methods
The rising demand for electricity, the economic benefits, and the environmental pressures related to the use of fossil fuels are driving electricity generation mostly from renewable energy sources. One of the main challenges in renewable energy generation is uncertainties involved in forecasting, because of the intermittent nature of renewable sources. The demand also varies according to the time of day, the season, the location, the climate, and the availability of resources. Microgrids offer a potential solution for the integration of small-scale renewable energy sources and loads along with energy storage systems and other non-renewable sources. However, intermittent generation and varying demand need to be matched to provide stable power to consumers. Therefore, it is crucial to design an energy management system to effectively manage the energy sources and supply loads for reliable and efficient operation. 
  • 2.1K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Simulation Argument (Programmer God)
The (digital physics) simulation hypothesis is the proposal that all of reality, including the Earth and the rest of the universe, could be an artificial simulation, such as a computer simulation. Neil deGrasse Tyson put the odds at 50-50 that our entire existence is a program on someone else’s hard drive. David Chalmers noted “We in this universe can create simulated worlds and there’s nothing remotely spooky about that. Our creator isn’t especially spooky, it’s just some teenage hacker in the next universe up. Turn the tables, and we are essentially gods over our own computer creations The commonly postulated ancestor simulation approach, which Nick Bostrom called "the simulation argument", argues for "high-fidelity" simulations of ancestral life that would be indistinguishable from reality to the simulated ancestor. However this simulation variant can be traced back to an 'organic base reality' (the original programmer ancestors and their physical planet). The Programmer God hypothesis conversely states that a (deep universe) simulation began with the big bang and was programmed by an external intelligence (external to the physical universe), the Programmer by definition a God in the creator of the universe context. Our universe in its entirety, down to the smallest detail, and including life-forms, is within the simulation, the laws of nature, at their most fundamental level, are coded rules running on top of the simulation operating system. The operating system itself is mathematical (and potentially the origin of mathematics). Any candidate for a Programmer-God simulation-universe source code must satisfy these conditions;> 1. It can generate physical structures from mathematical forms.> 2. The sum universe is dimensionless (simply data on a celestial hard disk).> 3. We must be able to use it to derive the laws of physics (because the source code is the origin of the laws of nature, and the laws of physics are our observations of the laws of nature).> 4. The mathematical logic must be unknown to us (the Programmer is a non-human intelligence).> 5. The coding should have an 'elegance' commensurate with the Programmer's level of skill.  
  • 2.1K
  • 20 Feb 2026
Topic Review
Advantages and Prospects for In Vitro PHA Synthesis
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a series of structurally diverse storage polyesters that are accumulated by various bacterial species and stored intracellularly in the form of granules. They primarily act as carbon and energy storage compounds to sustain cell survival during starvation.
  • 2.1K
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Algae and Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major systemic disease which involves impaired pancreatic function and currently affects half a billion people worldwide. Diet is considered the cornerstone to reduce incidence and prevalence of this disease. Algae contains fiber, polyphenols, ω-3 PUFAs, and bioactive molecules with potential antidiabetic activity.
  • 2.1K
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Pineapple Leaf Fiber
Evidence-based research had shown that elevated alkali treatment of pineapple leaf fiber(PALF) compromised the mechanical properties of the fiber. In this work, PALF was subjected todifferential alkali concentrations: 1, 3, 6, and 9% wt/wt to study the influence on the mechanicaland crystal properties of the fiber. The crystalline and mechanical properties of untreated and alkali-treatedPALF samples were investigated by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transforms infraredspectroscopy (FTIR), and tensile testing analysis. The XRD results indicated that crystal propertiesof the fibers were modified with 6% wt/wt alkali-treated PALF recording the highest crystallinityand crystallite size of 76% and 24 nm, respectively. The FTIR spectra suggested that all alkali-treatedPALF samples underwent lignin and hemicellulose removal to varying degrees. An increase in thecrystalline properties improved the mechanical properties of the PALF treated with alkali at 6%wt/wt, which has the highest tensile strength (1620 MPa). Although the elevated alkali treatmentresulted in decreased mechanical properties of PALF, crystallinity generally increased. The findingsrevealed that the mechanical properties of PALF not only improve with increasing crystallinity andcrystallite size but are also dependent on the intermediate bond between adjacent cellulose chains.
  • 2.1K
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Comparison of JavaScript Frameworks
There are many JavaScript frameworks available. The intention of this comparison is to show some examples of notable JavaScript frameworks.
  • 2.1K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Basic Properties of Ethics
Ethics is a discipline concerned with good and bad moral values and norms that can be right and wrong. Norms define standards of acceptable behavior by groups. Specific ethical systems, through their norms (computable conventions), constrain and partially solve the problem of life. The importance of ethics for society is paramount, as no social group can stay cohesive and in existence if there are no constraints on the behavior of individuals. For example, frequent, reasonless escalations and attacks with killing or injuring others would dissolve any group. Hence, the problem that ethics tries to solve is improving group performance in a setting that is multi-criteria, dynamic, and poised by uncertainties. It operates on a large societal scale, making for a complex setting in which adaptability is crucial. Ethics emerged collaterally through cultural evolution on a longer time scale where all changes have been slow and gradual.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Biography
Rudolf Haag
Rudolf Haag (17 August 1922 – 5 January 2016) was a German theoretical physicist, who mainly dealt with fundamental questions of quantum field theory. He was one of the founders of the modern formulation of quantum field theory and he identified the formal structure in terms of the principle of locality and local observables. He also made important advances in the foundations of quantum statis
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Dual-complex Number
The dual-complex numbers make up a four-dimensional algebra over the real numbers. Their primary application is in representing rigid body motions in 2D space. Unlike multiplication of dual numbers or of complex numbers, that of dual-complex numbers is non-commutative.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Environmental Applications of TiO2-Based Photocatalytic Nanostructures
Contemporary technological and industrial advancements have led to increased reliance on chemicals for product innovation, leading to heightened contamination of water sources by traditional pollutants (organic dyes, heavy metals) and disease-causing microorganisms. Wastewater treatment processes now reveal “emerging pollutants”, including pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors, and agricultural chemicals. While some are benign, certain emerging pollutants can harm diverse organisms. Researchers seek cost-effective water purification methods that completely degrade pollutants without generating harmful by-products. Semiconductor-based photocatalytic degradation, particularly using titanium dioxide (TiO2), is popular for addressing water pollution.
  • 2.1K
  • 20 Feb 2024
Biography
William John Macquorn Rankine
William John Macquorn Rankine (/ˈræŋkɪn/) FRSE FRS LLD (5 July 1820 – 24 December 1872) was a Scottish mechanical engineer who also contributed to civil engineering, physics and mathematics. He was a founding contributor, with Rudolf Clausius and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), to the science of thermodynamics, particularly focusing on the first of the three thermodynamic laws. He developed
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Anabaenopeptins
Anabaenopeptins (APs) are structurally diverse peptides widely distributed in distinct ecosystems among cyanobacteria. Some structural features of these molecules are shared with other cyanotoxins, such as the presence of modified residues, exocyclic amino acids, circular structure, and amino acids in D-configuration. However, among the cyanopeptides, the ureido linkage is exclusively found in APs. Thus, these cyclic peptides demonstrate toxicity and structural diversity which will be explored in this topic, including biotechnological and ecological relevance, and their distribution.
  • 2.1K
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Environmental Factors as Inducers of Oxidative Stress
Prolonged elevated oxidative stress (OS) possesses negative effect on cell structure and functioning, and is associated with the development of numerous disorders. 
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Treatment of Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalomyopathy
Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) is an autosomal recessive disorder  caused by mutations in the nuclear TYMP gene, which encodes for thymidine phosphorylase, an enzyme required for the normal metabolism of deoxynucleosides, thymidine, and deoxyuridine. The subsequent elevated systemic concentrations of deoxynucleosides lead to increased intracellular concentrations of their corresponding triphosphates, and ultimately mitochondrial failure due to progressive accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) defects and mtDNA depletion. Currently, there are no treatments for MNGIE where effectiveness has been evidenced in clinical trials. A Phase 2, multi-centre, multiple dose, open label trial without a control will investigate the application of erythrocyte-encapsulated thymidine phosphorylase (EE-TP) as an enzyme replacement therapy for MNGIE. Three EE-TP dose levels are planned with patients receiving the dose level that achieves metabolic correction. The study duration is 31 months, comprising 28 days of screening, 90 days of run-in, 24 months of treatment and 90 days of post-dose follow-up. The primary objectives are to determine the safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy of multiple doses of EE-TP. The secondary objectives are to assess EE-TP immunogenicity after multiple dose administrations and changes in clinical assessments, and the pharmacodynamics effect of EE-TP on clinical assessments.
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Laser Shock Processing
Laser shock processing (LSP) is an advanced material surface hardening technology that can significantly improve mechanical properties and extend service life by using the stress effect generated by laser-induced plasma shock waves, which has been increasingly applied in the processing fields of metallic materials and alloys.
  • 2.1K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymers in Circular Economy
Thermosetting Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (CFRPs) are engineered composites made out of carbon fibers (CFs) as the reinforcement and epoxy resin as the polymer matrix, which acts as load transfer elements across fibers.Thermosets are commonly charachterized by their high performance and flexibility according to different combination of polymeric-based materials (e.g. epoxies, polyurethane, rubber) and carbon fibers type. CFRPs owns durable and heat-resistant features that make proper them for cars or electrical appliances. CFRPs cannot be easily recycled or broken down after use, because the chemical bonds holding them cannot be changed or reversed as for thermoplastic material. New technological solutions are emerging with specific focus on the circular economy context.
  • 2.1K
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
DNA-Based Nanomaterials as Drug Delivery Platforms in Tumors
DNA nanotechnology has significantly advanced and might be used in biomedical applications, drug delivery, and cancer treatment. DNA nanomaterials are widely used in biomedical research involving biosensing, bioimaging, and drug delivery since they are remarkably addressable and biocompatible. Gradually, modified nucleic acids have begun to be employed to construct multifunctional DNA nanostructures with a variety of architectural designs. Aptamers are single-stranded nucleic acids (both DNAs and RNAs) capable of self-pairing to acquire secondary structure and of specifically binding with the target. Diagnosis and tumor therapy are prospective fields in which aptamers can be applied. Many DNA nanomaterials with three-dimensional structures have been studied as drug delivery systems for different anticancer medications or gene therapy agents. Different chemical alterations can be employed to construct a wide range of modified DNA nanostructures. Chemically altered DNA-based nanomaterials are useful for drug delivery because of their improved stability and inclusion of functional groups.
  • 2.1K
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Social Acceptance of Renewable Energy
Social acceptance of renewable energy is the attitude of the local population of a given territory to accept the presence, installation or expansion of plants, projects and processes for the production of energy from renewable sources (RES) such as geothermal, sun, wind and biomass. It differs from the generally favorable predisposition of a population towards RES in places far from their homes: indeed, social acceptance of local RES can hinder the development of renewable energy projects, even for a population whose general acceptance of RES is relatively high. 
  • 2.1K
  • 08 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Shipping Decarbonization
Decarbonization in the shipping industry could be achieved through technical and operational strategies such as Energy Saving Devices (ESDs) to reduce the fuel consumption of new and existing ships. According to the makers, ESDs can optimize fuel efficiency by up to 15%. Researchers review the current literature on stern hydrodynamic ESDs, which are mainly used on typical merchant vessels, i.e., bulkers, tankers, and carriers. 
  • 2.1K
  • 05 May 2022
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