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Topic Review
Primary Human Trabecular Meshwork Model for Pseudoexfoliation
Pseudoexfoliation is an age related fibrillopathy characterized by abnormal fibrillar extracellular material (ECM) in ocular tissues. Pseudoexfoliative aggregate material causing mechanical obstruction of the trabecular meshwork (TM), blood aqueous barrier dysfunction, endothelial cell dysfunction, and abnormal ECM homeostasis cause TM dysfunction/fibrosis eventually leading to glaucoma, if untreated. The pseudoexfoliative material comprises of non-collagenous basement membrane components such as laminin, fibronectin, amyloid P, and vitronectin as well as proteinaceous components of elastic fibres (such as elastin, tropoelastin, fibrillin-1, microfibril-associated glycoprotein-1) and latent TGF-β-binding proteins (LTBP-1 and -2). Transforming growth factor, tissue matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) regulate ECM homeostasis with increased PAI-1 levels causing excessive ECM deposition and reduced degradation in adjoining tissues. While Lysyl oxidase homolog 1 (LOXL1) is deemed necessary for disease pathogenesis, it is now understood that LOXL1 alone does not explain the preferential geographical distribution or the differential role of different genes in disease pathogenesis or glaucoma onset in different ethnic populations. It is well recognized that environmental factors, epigenetics, and their interplay with gene expression is what may hold the key for explaining the disease pathogenesis.
  • 467
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Biology of Anthonomus testaceosquamosus Linell, 1897 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Although native to northeastern Mexico and southern Texas, the hibiscus bud weevil (HBW), Anthonomus testaceosquamosus Linell 1897, was recently discovered infesting hibiscus in south Florida in 2017. During outbreak events, HBW feeding on hibiscus buds has been found to significantly affect the marketability of the crop. Therefore, it is vital that an integrated pest management (IPM) program be developed for this pest in order to mitigate the economic loss to the hibiscus industry of south Florida.
  • 467
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
MATE Transporters Regulate Agronomic Traits
Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters are ancient proteins conserved among various kingdoms, from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. In plants, MATEs usually form a large family in the genome. Homologous MATE transporters have different subcellular localizations, substrate specificities, and responses to external stimuli for functional differentiations. The substrates of MATEs in plants include polyphenols, alkaloids, phytohormones, and ion chelators. The accumulation of these substrates is often associated with favorable agronomic traits such as seed and fruit colors, the balance between dormancy and germination, taste, and stress adaptability. In crops, wild germplasms and domesticated germplasms usually have contrasting agronomic traits such as seed color, seed taste, and stress tolerance. MATE transporters are involved in the regulations of these traits. 
  • 467
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Antiviral and Antimicrobial Peptides
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a ubiquitous class of secretable molecules involved in innate immunity via direct interaction with pathogens. AMP research has sought to describe the highly conserved cysteine rich C-domains of peptides, which determine molecular function; however, investigations into such molecular functions have generally been limited to antibacterial and antifungal defence in both vertebrates and invertebrates, with little research focusing on mollusc antiviral AMPs. Mollusc AMPs can be broadly divided into the following five groups: defensins, big defensins, mytilins, myticins, mytimacins, and mytimycins. All groups possess antibacterial activity, though few have been tested for antiviral activity, and thus the mollusc antiviral AMP mode of action is poorly understood. However, proposed modes of action of antiviral AMPs include targeting viral entry, viral uncoating, and inhibition of viral replication and endosomal escape.
  • 467
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase
Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), a key player in the kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan degradation, regulates the synthesis of the neuroactive metabolites 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) and kynurenic acid (KYNA). KMO activity has been implicated in several major brain diseases including Huntington’s disease (HD) and schizophrenia. In the brain, KMO is widely believed to be predominantly localized in microglial cells, but verification in vivo has not been provided so far.
  • 466
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Wheat Dwarf Virus and Disease
Wheat dwarf disease (WDD) is an important disease of monocotyledonous species, including economically important cereals. The causative pathogen, wheat dwarf virus (WDV), is persistently transmitted mainly by the leafhopper Psammotettix alienus and can lead to high yield losses. Due to climate change, the periods of vector activity increased, and the vectors have spread to new habitats, leading to an increased importance of WDV in large parts of Europe. In the light of integrated pest management, cultivation practices and the use of resistant/tolerant host plants are currently the only effective methods to control WDV.
  • 466
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Giant Panda
The Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is an iconic and beloved bear species native to the mountainous bamboo forests of central China. Renowned for its distinctive black-and-white fur markings and endearing appearance, the Giant Panda is a symbol of conservation efforts worldwide. Despite being classified as a carnivore, the Giant Panda's diet is predominantly herbivorous, consisting almost entirely of bamboo shoots and leaves.
  • 465
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Effects of Respiratory Viruses on the Bronchial Endothelium
Endothelial cells (ECs) comprise the inner surface of blood vessels as a single-cell layer that has the function of a semi-permeable barrier between circulating blood and underlying tissue; with a similar function in lymphatic vessels. ECs largely influence the spectrum of tissues that a virus can reach via circulation. ECs are effectors of the host response to viral infections; however, activation of host response to viruses occurs both in infected as well as uninfected cells, due to the diffusion of second messengers across intercellular gap junctions, and the secretion of paracrine mediators
  • 464
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
MetS and EMS
Obesity and insulin resistance are considered as the main underlying risk factors for metabolic disturbances and are involved in the rise of other risk factors, such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia. The cluster of such risk factors is referred to as metabolic syndrome, a common condition among both human population and animals. Although there are numerous differences between metabolic dysregulation in humans and horses in terms of clinical manifestations, complications, outcomes, etc, a number of disease mechanisms common in both species can be identified (e.g., root causes of metabolic syndrome, role of liver malfunction). The most important pathological factor associated with metabolic syndrome is the affliction of the cardiovascular system in humans and the development of laminitis in horses. The mechanisms that lead to these potentially life-limiting consequences are not fully comparable, although the changes in these species take place in the vascular system. Inflammatory conditions in adipose tissue and effects on metabolic and biochemical processes show similarities between all species.
  • 464
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Genomic Interventions for Wheat Biofortification
Wheat is an essential constituent of cereal-based diets, and one of the most significant sources of calories. However, modern wheat varieties are low in proteins and minerals. Biofortification is a method for increasing the availability of essential elements in the edible portions of crops through agronomic or genetic and genomic interventions. Wheat biofortification, as a research topic, has become increasingly prevalent. 
  • 463
  • 09 Dec 2021
Topic Review
TRP and Thermoregulation in Animals
Transient receptor potentialare cation channels made up of transmembrane proteins that function as transductors through changes in the membrane potential due to the intracellular concentrations of Ca2+. Q10 is the temperature coefficient of the rate of change when an organism increases its temperature by 10 °C.
  • 463
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Armed CAR-T or Combination Therapy for Prostate Cancer
CAR-T cells are genetically engineered T cells that express a unique fusion receptor. The receptor is composed of an extracellular domain, a hinge region, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signal transduction region.
  • 462
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Vaccinium myrtillus L. in Baltic-Nordic Region
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) is a natural resource and a useful wild berry in Europe. Various parts of the plant contain many benefits for human health. The adaptation and secondary metabolism of V. myrtillus plants can be synergistically affected by a community of microbial endophytes.
  • 460
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Dietary Selenium
Dietary selenium (Se) is an essential component that supports fish growth and the immune system. It emphasizes that optimal dietary Se levels are necessary for healthy biological processes in fish, such as growth, reproduction, and immunity. Since organic Se appears to be the most ideal for fish due to its low toxicity, environmental safety, and efficient fish culture, it explores the potential sources and forms of Se.
  • 459
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Stem Cells against SARS-CoV-2 in Pregnant Women/Children
Similar to children, pregnant women have active fetal-derived stem cells circulating in their bodies, that are able to combat illnesses and repair maternal injured tissues. Fetal stem cells are multipotent stem cells derived from fetal blood and tissues. These cells are more limited in growth potential than pluripotent embryonic stem cells, although their proliferation rate and regenerative properties are higher than those of MSCs from adults.
  • 458
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Canine and Feline Testicular Preservation
The increased interest in breeding dogs and cats and their use as models for other canids and felids demand research to improve reproductive techniques. Among them, testicular cryopreservation stands out. Testicular cryopreservation enables the maintenance of reproductive capacity and allows the establishment of germplasm banks for several species of commercial value or at risk of extinction. Furthermore, it enables the transport of genetic material among different regions. It is noteworthy that this biotechnology represents the only possibility of preserving the fertility of prepubertal animals that have died, so it has great importance in the propagation of the genetic material of animals. The spermatogonia present in the testes can be cultivated in vitro and the sperm obtained can be used in artificial reproduction programs. Although advances have been achieved with the use of testicular fragments to obtain viable and functional germ cells, the establishment of protocols that can be used in clinical routine have not been concluded yet. The testicular cryopreservation process can be carried out through techniques such as slow freezing, fast freezing and vitrification. However, the protocols used for the canine and feline species are still in the experimental phase. 
  • 458
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Phosphorus Transport Through Soybean Xylem
Phosphorus is a major essential element in plants, and absorption and transport of P are related to plant growth and crop productivity. Phosphate (Pi) is absorbed in the roots and then transported to the shoot. Characteristics of Pi absorption, transport, and storage in various parts of the soybeans might be related to plant growth and P-use efficiency. In this research, young nodulated soybean plants were grown in hydroponics with various Pi concentrations. When the soybean plants were grown with 0-500 µM Pi for three days, the Pi absorption rate increased consistently in conjunction with the increase in the Pi concentration; however, the Pi concentrations in the xylem sap increased only from 0 to 50 µM Pi but were constant under higher P concentrations. The absorption rates of 33Pi in the roots were almost the same under light and dark conditions, and those in the decapitated roots were near those of the intact plants. These results indicate that the Pi absorption is not affected by evapotranspiration over a short period. Conversely, the 33P transport from the roots to the shoot was significantly lower under dark conditions than in light conditions. The multiplication value of the 33P concentration in the xylem sap and transpiration rate was almost equivalent to the transport rate of 33P in the intact shoots. The Pi concentration and Pi flux in xylem sap quickly responded to the Pi concentration in the culture solution. These values may be adaptable to estimate the transport rate of P for the diagnosis.
  • 458
  • 18 Sep 2024
Topic Review
Limitations of Currently Available Bovine Respiratory Disease Vaccines
Ineffective vaccines, declining employment in the agricultural sector and increasing awareness of antimicrobial resistance has led policymakers to shift the focus onto the development of superior, more efficacious vaccines as a major contribution in reducing the pressure to intensify on the farming sector. Although many vaccines against BRD are currently available on the UK market, they have limitations. Only a few of the vaccines have been registered as suitable for use in pregnant or lactating cows and all require refrigeration. Additionally, all come with a strong recommendation for a booster to advance immunity and none have been tested for maternal antibody interference. Only eleven of the vaccines registered for use in the UK are multivalent and only four have been tested and deemed suitable for use alongside other veterinary treatments, frequently with those of the same manufacturer. However, multiple pathogens are considered threats during the neonatal stage and so it is impractical and ineffectual to have monovalent or incompatible medicines. Vaccination against BRD presents many challenges.
  • 457
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Fertilization of Microbial Composts
Microbial compost plays a crucial role in improving soil health, soil fertility, and plant biomass. These biofertilizers, based on microorganisms, offer numerous benefits such as enhanced nutrient acquisition (N, P, and K), production of hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and control of pathogens through induced systematic resistance. Additionally, they promote the production of phytohormones, siderophore, vitamins, protective enzymes, and antibiotics, further contributing to soil sustainability and optimal agricultural productivity. 
  • 457
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Two CONSTANS-like 16 Genes
CONSTANS (CO) is an important regulator of photoperiodic flowering and functions at a key position in the flowering regulatory network. Here, two CO homologs, MiCOL16A and MiCOL16B, were isolated from “SiJiMi” mango to elucidate the mechanisms controlling mango flowering. The MiCOL16A and MiCOL16B genes were highly expressed in the leaves and expressed at low levels in the buds and flowers. The expression levels of MiCOL16A and MiCOL16B increased during the flowering induction period but decreased during the flower organ development and flowering periods.
  • 457
  • 16 Mar 2022
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