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Topic Review
Production and Biochemical Characterization of Dimeric Recombinant Gremlin-1
Gremlin-1 is a secreted cystine-knot protein that acts as an antagonist of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and as a ligand of heparin and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), thus regulating several physiological and pathological processes, including embryonic development, tissue fibrosis and cancer. Gremlin-1 exists both as a monomeric and dimeric protein.
  • 475
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Natural Polyphenols and Cancer
Natural compounds with anticancer properties are capable of killing transformed or cancerous cells without being toxic to healthy cells. Most fruits and vegetables consumed with food are made up of bioactive molecules belonging to the family of polyphenols, a group of natural compounds widely distributed in the plant kingdom; this group is varied, and to date, more than 8000 phenolic structures are known. Polyphenols are classified according to chemical structure, and their subdivision is represented in.
  • 474
  • 04 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Vegan Egg
Vegan eggs are designed with the aim to provide a healthier and more sustainable alternative to regular eggs. Vegan eggs are made using different types of plant-based ingredients (e.g., proteins, polysaccharide hydrocolloids, or emulsifiers), alone or combined, to replace regular eggs in food products. 
  • 474
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
New Genes in the Drosophila Y Chromosome
Y chromosomes play important roles in sex determination and male fertility. In several groups (e.g., mammals) there is strong evidence that they evolved through gene loss from a common X-Y ancestor, but in Drosophila the acquisition of new genes plays a major role. This conclusion came mostly from studies in two species.
  • 473
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
PeMNet for Pectoral Muscle Segmentation
Deep learning has become a popular technique in modern computer-aided (CAD) systems. In breast cancer CAD systems, breast pectoral segmentation is an important procedure to remove unwanted pectoral muscle in the images. This entry proposes a novel deep learning segmentation framework to provide fast and accurate pectoral muscle segmentation result. In the proposed framework, the novel network architecture enables more useful information to be used and therefore improve the segmentation results. 
  • 473
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Beef Cattle Metatarsal Growth Plate Lesions
Young beef bulls are predisposed to develop diseases of the growing skeleton, especially growth plate lesions. These lesions jeopardize both welfare and production, often leading to anticipated culling and reduced weight gain. However, beef cattle are prey animals and do not exhibit signs of pain and lameness until the disease becomes extensive and severe. Fast methods to screen for growth plate lesions' presence could lead to prompt treatment of the affected animals, enhancing recovery and diminishing losses.
  • 473
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Factors for Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Poultry
Chronic stress is recognized as a secret killer in poultry. It is associated with systemic inflammation due to cytokine release, dysbiosis, and the so-called leaky gut syndrome, which mainly results from oxidative stress reactions that damage the barrier function of the cells lining the gut wall. Poultry, especially the genetically selected broiler breeds, frequently suffer from these chronic stress symptoms when exposed to multiple stressors in their growing environments. 
  • 473
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Soil Microbial Indicators within Rotations
Corn and soybean monocultures clustered indicator microbes, while chisel tillage and no-till also showed contrasting effects. Soil organic matter amounts and pH categorized bacterial community structure. Fungal abundance increased under continuous corn compared to continuous soybean. Many archaeal ASVs were ammonia-oxidizers closely associated with specific pH requirements.
  • 472
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Digital Phenotyping
Phenotypes are set, observable variables that an organism displays when interacting with its environment. These variables are influenced by genotypes, which are complex and inheritable. Phenotypes can be measured continuously (e.g., assessing the change in an animal’s body temperature over a day) or categorically through the use of concise scoring systems. When the phenotypes of an animal are measured and collected for use as data points, the process is described as phenotyping.
  • 472
  • 15 Jul 2021
Topic Review
SEM Analysis of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
The invention of a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pushed the imaging methods and allowed for the observation of cell details with a high resolution. Currently, SEM appears as an extremely useful tool to analyse the morphology of biological samples. The aim of this entry is to provide a set of guidelines for using SEM to analyse morphology of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, taking as model cases Escherichia coli bacteria and B-35 rat neuroblastoma cells.
  • 472
  • 04 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Targeting Platelet Activation in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is defined as permanent dilatation of the abdominal aorta, which most commonly occurs in the infrarenal region in humans. Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a potentially fatal vascular disease that involves complex multifactorial hemodynamic, thrombotic, inflammatory, and aortic wall remodeling processes. However, its mechanisms are incompletely understood. It has become increasingly clear that platelets are involved in pathological processes of vascular diseases beyond their role in hemostasis and thrombosis. Platelet activation with membrane receptors and secreted mediators promotes thrombus formation and the accumulation of inflammatory cells, which may play an important role in the development of AAA by destroying the structural integrity and stability of the vessel wall. Turbulent blood flow in aortic aneurysms promotes platelet activation and aggregation. Platelet count and heterogeneity are important predictive, diagnostic, and prognostic indicators of AAA.
  • 472
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Strategies for Nipah and Hendra Viruses
Nipah and Hendra viruses are deadly zoonotic paramyxoviruses with a case fatality rate of upto 75%. The viruses belong to the genus henipavirus in the family Paramyxoviridae, a family of negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. The natural reservoirs of Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are bats (flying foxes) in which the virus infection is asymptomatic. The intermediate hosts for NiV and HeV are swine and equine, respectively. In humans, NiV infections result in severe and often fatal respiratory and neurological manifestations. The Nipah virus was first identified in Malaysia and Singapore following an outbreak of encephalitis in pig farmers and subsequent outbreaks have been reported in Bangladesh and India almost every year.
  • 472
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Role of Adenosine Diphosphate-Ribosylation in Bone Health
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation is the transfer of ADP-ribose units from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to acceptor proteins. This post-translational modification (PTM) unavoidably alters protein functions and signaling networks, thereby impacting cell behaviors and tissue outcomes. As a ubiquitous mechanism, ADP-ribosylation affects multiple tissues, including bones, as abnormal ADP-ribosylation compromises bone development and remodeling.
  • 471
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Abiotic Stress
To achieve agricultural sustainability, it is critical to develop and nurture products that are tolerant to rising abiotic pressures caused by climate variability. Numerous abiotic and biotic stressors that constantly threaten plants have an impact on their outputs. Through intricate endogenous signalling networks and numerous modifications, the plant reacts to these stressors. Under these environmental circumstances, the plant’s output and reproductive success are determined by the interactions between these networks. Linseed, like other crops, if subjected to a variety of abiotic stresses, might have reduce yields.
  • 471
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Bioactive-Based Cosmeceuticals
Cosmetic-containing herbals are a cosmetic that has or is claimed to have medicinal properties, with bioactive ingredients purported to have medical benefits. 
  • 470
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
RNA-Based Information Transfer via Extracellular Vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are 50–1000 nm vesicles secreted by virtually any cell type in the body. They are expected to transfer information from one cell or tissue to another in a short- or long-distance way. RNA naturally present in EVs might be limited in a physiological context.
  • 469
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Early Discoveries and Understanding of Vitamin E
Vitamin E, consisting of four tocopherols and four tocotrienols, with α-tocopherol as the most biologically active form, has a significant history in scientific research. It was first identified in the 1920s for its role in preventing neonatal mortality in rats. Over time, its chemical structure was elucidated, and its importance in the immune system, skin health, anti-inflammatory properties, and hormonal balance was revealed.
  • 469
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin D and Skeletal Muscle
Aging is associated with impairment in skeletal muscle mass and contractile function, predisposing to fat mass gain, insulin resistance and diabetes.  At cell and animal levels, that VitD treatments had positive effects on the development of muscle fibres in cells in culture, skeletal muscle force and hypertrophy. 
  • 468
  • 22 May 2021
Topic Review
Chemical Compositions and Biosynthesis of Black Goji Anthocyanins
Lycium ruthenicum is a therapeutic plant and its fruits (black goji) are commonly used as a traditional Chinese medicine. Among the 39 identified black goji anthocyanins (BGAs), most are 3,5-diglycoside derivatives of petunidin (>95%) with an individual anthocyanin [petunidin 3-O-rutinoside (trans-p-coumaroyl)-5-O-glucoside], accounting for 80% of the total BGAs. Due to their unique anthocyanin profile, BGAs possess various health benefits.
  • 468
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Primary Human Trabecular Meshwork Model for Pseudoexfoliation
Pseudoexfoliation is an age related fibrillopathy characterized by abnormal fibrillar extracellular material (ECM) in ocular tissues. Pseudoexfoliative aggregate material causing mechanical obstruction of the trabecular meshwork (TM), blood aqueous barrier dysfunction, endothelial cell dysfunction, and abnormal ECM homeostasis cause TM dysfunction/fibrosis eventually leading to glaucoma, if untreated. The pseudoexfoliative material comprises of non-collagenous basement membrane components such as laminin, fibronectin, amyloid P, and vitronectin as well as proteinaceous components of elastic fibres (such as elastin, tropoelastin, fibrillin-1, microfibril-associated glycoprotein-1) and latent TGF-β-binding proteins (LTBP-1 and -2). Transforming growth factor, tissue matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) regulate ECM homeostasis with increased PAI-1 levels causing excessive ECM deposition and reduced degradation in adjoining tissues. While Lysyl oxidase homolog 1 (LOXL1) is deemed necessary for disease pathogenesis, it is now understood that LOXL1 alone does not explain the preferential geographical distribution or the differential role of different genes in disease pathogenesis or glaucoma onset in different ethnic populations. It is well recognized that environmental factors, epigenetics, and their interplay with gene expression is what may hold the key for explaining the disease pathogenesis.
  • 467
  • 14 Dec 2021
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