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Topic Review
Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) amongst Adolescents in Schools
Adolescence is a stage of development that is impacted by a number of factors including relationships with peers, parent and teachers. A condition such as Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD), which impedes those relationships due fear about social interactions, has detrimental impact on adolescent development. Through the review of recent studies, this paper will explore the use of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and the school-based program, Skills for Social and Academic Success (SASS), with adolescents experiencing SAD. A review of the assessment and diagnostic process for SAD is provided which explores the limitations and gaps within current assessment processes. Suggestions for more developmentally informed assessment processes are considered. The paper will also outline the role which schools can play in the detection and treatment of SAD amongst an adolescent population. Furthermore, the outcomes of those interventions are considered herein.
  • 2.1K
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Application of Microbes in Pesticide Degradation
Microbes (fungal and bacterial) applications have been identified for the bio-degradation of agro-chemicals within the environment. The efficiency of microbial species to bio-degrade chemicals varies considerably. Pesticide remediation using microbes transforms harmful chemicals into nontoxic, eco-friendly, and beneficial metabolites. During pesticides decomposition, the biosorption rate for a single strain is insufficient, whereas the focus of degradation studies is rapidly turning towards microbiological consortiums, and pesticide bio-degradability is determined through pesticide components, available mechanisms, and the promiscuity of enzymes. Certain pesticides break down relatively faster than others. The slower ones are trinitrotoluene (TNT), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), and pentachlorophenol (PCP). However, methomyl, pyrethroids, 1,3-dichloropropene, and atrazine can degrade faster. Axenic cultured cells are concentrated more on pesticides breakdown than microbial consortia. Earlier research has examined various microbial communities that, particularly axenic strains, may degrade chemicals quickly. During investigations, both single and a mixture of microbial strains are effective. Although axenic cells seem critical in metabolic studies, their physiology and molecular compositions are related to pesticide decomposition. The synthesis of the consortium was achieved premised on the performances of axenic colonies in pesticide degrading, and the microbial consortia became identified to have the tremendous potential.
  • 2.1K
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Substance Dependence
Substance dependence, also known as drug dependence, is a biopsychological situation where-by an individual's functionality is dependent on the necessitated re-consumption of a psychoactive substance, because of an adaptive state that has developed with the individual from psychoactive substance consumption, which results in the experience of withdrawal, which necessitates the re-consumption of the drug. A drug addiction, a distinct concept from substance dependence, is defined as compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. An addictive drug is a drug which is both rewarding and reinforcing. ΔFosB, a gene transcription factor, is now known to be a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral and drug addictions, but not dependence. The International Classification of Diseases classifies substance dependence as a mental and behavioural disorder. Within the framework of the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), substance dependence is redefined as a drug addiction, and can be diagnosed without the occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome. It was described accordingly: "When an individual persists in use of alcohol or other drugs despite problems related to use of the substance, substance dependence may be diagnosed. Compulsive and repetitive use may result in tolerance to the effect of the drug and withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or stopped. This, along with Substance Abuse are considered Substance Use Disorders." In the DSM-5 (released in 2013), substance abuse and substance dependence have been merged into the category of substance use disorders and they no longer exist as individual diagnoses.
  • 2.1K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Biography
Phil Zuckerman
Philip Joseph Zuckerman[1] (born June 26, 1969), known as Phil Zuckerman, is a professor of sociology and secular studies at Pitzer College in Claremont, California. He specializes in the sociology of secularity.[2][3][4] He is the author of several books, including Society Without God (2008) for which he won ForeWord Magazine's silver book of the year award, and Faith No More (2011).[5][6] B
  • 2.1K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Plant Synthetic Promoters Structure and Function
A promoter is the region of genomic DNA located upstream of a gene that initiates the process of transcription under specific cellular conditions. Structurally, it is modular in nature and comprises a core promoter that includes a TATA box and a CAAT box, as well as proximal and distal regions.
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
PbS and PbSe in Room-Temperature Infrared Photodetectors
Infrared photodetectors have received much attention for several decades due to their broad applications in the military, science, and daily life. However, for achieving an ideal signal-to-noise ratio and a very fast response, cooling is necessary in those devices, which makes them bulky and costly. The earliest information about lead-based semiconductor materials comes from a patent published in 1904 by Bose, who found and utilized the photovoltaic effect of a crystal of galena. Subsequently, Case carried out his research on thin films of thallous sulfide (Tl2S) in 1917 and 1920. Due to the military needs of infrared information in World War II, Germany developed lead salt (PbS, PbSe and lead telluride (PbTe)) materials vigorously in the 1930s. During that period, different methods for preparing lead salt thin films developed rapidly. Gudden and Kutzscher prepared lead salt films by evaporation and chemical deposition, respectively. Shortly after German scientists firstly studied it, the United States scientists also conducted research on it. Cashman of Northwestern University began work on Tl2S in 1941 and later turned his full attention to the preparation of thin films of PbS, PbSe and PbTe by vacuum evaporation. Among the three typical lead salts used in infrared detectors, PbS and PbSe have been developed and produced to some extent, but PbTe has not been adapted for production and has been gradually phased out.
  • 2.1K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Cervical Epithelial Cells
Using Raman microscopy, we investigated epithelial cervical cells collected from 96 women with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or belonging to groups I, IIa, IIID-1 and IIID-2 according to Munich III classification (IIID-1 and IIID-2 corresponding to Bethesda LSIL and HSIL groups, respectively). All women were tested for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection using PCR. Subcellular resolution of Raman microscopy enabled to understand phenotypic differences in a heterogeneous population of cervical cells in the following groups: I/HPV−, IIa/HPV−, IIa/HPV−, LSIL/HPV−, LSIL/HPV+, HSIL/HPV−, HSIL/HPV+ and cancer cells (SCC/HPV+). We showed for the first time that the glycogen content in the cytoplasm decreased with the nucleus size of cervical cells in all studied groups apart from the cancer group. For the subpopulation of large-nucleus cells HPV infection resulted in considerable glycogen depletion compared to HPV negative cells in IIa, LSIL (for both statistical significance, ca. 45%) and HSIL (trend, 37%) groups. We hypothesize that accelerated glycogenolysis in large-nucleus cells may be associated with the increased protein metabolism for HPV positive cells. Our work underlines unique capabilities of Raman microscopy in single cell studies and demonstrate potential of Raman-based methods in HPV diagnostics.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Films and Coatings Deposition Methods
The modern methods of films and coatings deposition find many new application in industry and technology. The methods are mainly physical and categorized by the species participating in deposits build-up as: (i) atomistic; (ii) granular; and (iii) bulk. The examples of emerging methods developed by the author and belonging to each category are briefly discussed.
  • 2.1K
  • 05 Aug 2025
Topic Review
CDK4/6 and MAPK
Despite the development of targeted therapies and novel inhibitors, cancer remains an undefeated disease. Resistance mechanisms arise quickly and alternative treatment options are urgently required. Protein kinases as signaling switchboards are frequently deregulated in cancer and signify vulnerable nodes and potential therapeutic targets.
  • 2.1K
  • 14 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Brewer’s Spent Grains
Brewer’s spent grains (BSG) is the main solid by-product in the brewing industry, obtained during lautering. BSG has a multitude of applications and it can be used as a valuable fedstock for production of different products. Moreover, it could also be used as a biomass for energy purposes.
  • 2.1K
  • 21 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Au-Kline Syndrome
Au-Kline syndrome is a condition that affects many body systems. Individuals with this condition typically have weak muscle tone (hypotonia), intellectual disability, and delayed development. Speech is delayed in children with Au-Kline syndrome, and some are able to say only one or a few words or are never able to speak. In addition, affected children learn to walk later than usual, and some are never able to walk on their own.
  • 2.1K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Phase Variation
Bacteria live in environments that are in constant flux, and therefore have developed numerous methods to adapt to their ever-changing surroundings. One of these methods of adaptation is called Phase Variation (PV) which is a mechanism of -high-frequency reversible gene expression switching that enables bacteria to generate heterogeneity to successfully compete in uncertain conditions. This entry details the mechanisms of PV and takes a look at them in the context of examples from different bacterial species, with a focus on S. aureus. 
  • 2.1K
  • 02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Ammonia: a Renewable Energy Carrier
Ammonia is among the most commonly shipped bulk-produced chemicals, marketed for more than a decade in mass all over the globe. Originally used in the chemical industries and as an intermediate for the production of fertilisers, ammonia has also been explored recently as a hydrogen storage media and a substitute fuel for hydrocarbon. Unlike the conventional ammonia production process that used natural gas as a feedstock and is responsible for carbon emission, ammonia is a means of renewable energy storage formulated from hydrogen generated by an electrically driven electrolyser and nitrogen separate from the atmospheric air.
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Low-Cost Sensors for Building Monitoring
In recent years, many scholars have dedicated their research to the development of low-cost sensors for monitoring various parameters. Despite their high number of applications, the state of the art related to low-cost sensors in building monitoring has not been addressed. To fill this gap, this article presents a systematic review, following a well-established methodology, to analyze the state of the art in two aspects of structural and indoor parameters of buildings, in the SCOPUS database. This analysis allows to illustrate the potential uses of low-cost sensors in the building sector and addresses the scholars the preferred communication protocols and the most common microcontrollers for installation of low-cost monitoring systems. In addition, special attention is paid to describe different areas of the two mentioned fields of building monitoring and the most crucial parameters to be monitored in buildings. Finally, the deficiencies in line with a limited number of studies carried out in various fields of building monitoring are overviewed and a series of parameters that ought to be studied in the future are proposed.
  • 2.1K
  • 18 Sep 2021
Topic Review
The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is comprised of two main branches, with ACE2 representing a crucial component of the protective part of the complex. The ACE2/Ang (1-7) axis is well represented in the testis, heart, brain, kidney, and intestine. Infection with the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus determines downregulation of ACE2 and interrupts the equilibrium between ACE and ACE2 in these organs.
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Refugee Children
Nearly half of all refugees are children, and almost one in three children living outside their country of birth is a refugee. These numbers encompass children whose refugee status has been formally confirmed, as well as children in refugee-like situations. In addition to facing the direct threat of violence resulting from conflict, forcibly displaced children also face various health risks, including: disease outbreaks and long-term psychological trauma, inadequate access to water and sanitation, nutritious food, and regular vaccination schedules. Refugee children, particularly those without documentation and those who travel alone, are also vulnerable to abuse and exploitation. Although many communities around the world have welcomed them, forcibly displaced children and their families often face discrimination, poverty, and social marginalization in their home, transit, and destination countries. Language barriers and legal barriers in transit and destination countries often bar refugee children and their families from accessing education, healthcare, social protection, and other services. Many countries of destination also lack intercultural supports and policies for social integration. Such threats to safety and well-being are amplified for refugee children with disabilities.
  • 2.1K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Transformer Architecture and Attention Mechanisms in Genome Data
The emergence and rapid development of deep learning, specifically transformer-based architectures and attention mechanisms, have had transformative implications across several domains, including bioinformatics and genome data analysis. The analogous nature of genome sequences to language texts has enabled the application of techniques that have exhibited success in fields ranging from natural language processing to genomic data. 
  • 2.1K
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Cortical Silent Period
The so-called cortical silent period (CSP) refers to the temporary interruption of electromyographic signal from a muscle following a motor-evoked potential (MEP) triggered by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex (M1). The neurophysiological origins of the CSP are debated. Previous evidence suggests that both spinal and cortical mechanisms may account for the duration of the CSP. However, contextual factors such as cortical fatigue, experimental procedures, attentional load, as well as neuropathology can also influence the CSP duration. The present paper summarizes the most relevant evidence on the mechanisms underlying the duration of the CSP, with a particular focus on the central role of the basal ganglia in the “direct” (excitatory), “indirect” (inhibitory), and “hyperdirect” cortico-subcortical pathways to manage cortical motor inhibition. We propose new methods of interpretation of the CSP related, at least partially, to the inhibitory hyperdirect and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia. This view may help to explain the respective shortening and lengthening of the CSP in various neurological disorders.
  • 2.1K
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Monitoring
In medicine, monitoring is the observation of a disease, condition or one or several medical parameters over time. It can be performed by continuously measuring certain parameters by using a medical monitor (for example, by continuously measuring vital signs by a bedside monitor), and/or by repeatedly performing medical tests (such as blood glucose monitoring with a glucose meter in people with diabetes mellitus). Transmitting data from a monitor to a distant monitoring station is known as telemetry or biotelemetry.
  • 2.1K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Carbon Quantum Dots
Carbon dots have gained tremendous interest attributable to their unique features. Two approaches are involved in the fabrication of quantum dots (Top-down and Bottom-up). Most of the synthesis methods are usually multistep, required harsh conditions, and costly carbon sources that may have a toxic effect, therefore green synthesis is more preferable. Herein, the current review presents the green synthesis of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and graphene quantum dots 
  • 2.1K
  • 06 Apr 2021
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