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Topic Review
Modified Nb-Si-Based Multi-Element Alloys
Nb-Si-based superalloys are considered as the most promising high-temperature structural material to replace the Ni-based superalloys. Unfortunately, the poor oxidation resistance is still a major obstacle to the application of Nb-Si-based alloys. Alloying is a promising method to overcome this problem.
  • 2.1K
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Plant Proteins
In the food industry, proteins are regarded as multifunctional systems whose bioactive hetero-polymeric properties are affected by physicochemical interactions with the surrounding components in formulations. Due to their nutritional value, plant proteins are increasingly considered by the new product developer to provide three-dimensional assemblies of required structure, texture, solubility and interfacial/bulk stability with physical, chemical or enzymatic treatment. This molecular flexibility allows them to form systems for the preservation of fresh food, retention of good nutrition and interaction with a range of microconstituents. While, animal- and milk-based proteins have been widely discussed in the literature, the role of plant proteins in the development of functional foods with enhanced nutritional profile and targeted physiological effects can be further explored. Molecular functionality of plant proteins in relation to their structural transformation i.e. gelation, phase separation and vitrification, is discussed in this review.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Galectin-3: Early Stage Pathophysiological Marker
Galectins are composed of a family of widely expressed β-galactoside-binding lectins and can modulate basic cellular functions such as “cell-to-cell” and “cell-to-matrix” interactions, cell growth and differentiation, tissue regeneration and the regulation of immune cell activities [1][2][3]. Galectins have been classified according to their carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) number and function. The CRDs recognize β-galactoside residues that form complexes that crosslink glycosylated ligands [4][5][6]. The following three types of galectin members are widely accepted (Figure 1): (1) prototype galectins (galectin-1, -2, -5, -7, -10, -11, -13, -14, and -15), containing a single CRD that form noncovalent homodimers; (2) tandem-repeat galectins (galectin-4, -6, -8, -9, and -12), carrying two CRD motifs connected by a peptide linker and (3) a chimera-type galectin (Gal-3), which is characterized by having a single CRD and an amino-terminal polypeptide tail region [2][5][6]. The members of galectins, numbered consecutively by order of discovery, are ubiquitously present in vertebrates, invertebrates and, also, protists [1].
  • 2.1K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cellulose Triacetate Hollow-Fiber Membranes
Cellulose triacetate (CTA)-based hollow fiber (HF) membrane is one of the commercially successful semipermeable membranes that has had a long progress since the time the excellent semi-permeable feature of cellulose-based polymers was found in 1957. Because of the reliable and excellent performances, especially for drinking water production from seawater, CTA-HFs have been widely used as reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, especially in arid regions. 
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Reduction of Graphene Oxide
Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms lined up in a hexagonal lattice, and graphite is composed of these multiple layers.
  • 2.1K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Bacterial Biofilms
Bacterial biofilm is a group of cooperative and coordinated unicellular microbes which are associated with physiological and structural complexity, and they are analogous to multicellular microorganisms.
  • 2.1K
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Polyurethane
Polyurethane is widely considered as the biggest polymer product which is categorized under plastics. PUs belong to a group of elastomers that are linked to a urethane material with a distinctive feature of being hard and soft parts in the macromolecule. Plastic and modular construction industries produce big quantities of PU wastes in the fabrication process during either processing or utilization of materials.
  • 2.1K
  • 06 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Bacterial Membrane Interaction with Host Cells
The bacterial membrane is part of a secretion system which plays an integral role to secrete proteins responsible for cell viability and pathogenicity; pathogenic bacteria, for example, secrete virulence factors and other membrane-associated proteins to invade the host cells through various types of secretion systems (Type I to Type IX). The bacterial membrane can also mediate microbial communities’communication through quorum sensing (QS), by secreting auto-stimulants to coordinate gene expression. The process of bacterial attachment to host cells is the first step in initiating a series of biochemical reactions that include secretion of lethal substances and toxins from the bacterial cytoplasm and penetration of the host cell wall, resulting in infection establishment.
  • 2.1K
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
List of Northernmost Items
This is a list of various northernmost things on earth.
  • 2.1K
  • 06 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Nanocellulose and Nanocellulose-Based Composites
Nanocellulose is the most abundant material extracted from plants, animals, and bacteria. Nanocellulose is a cellulosic material with nano-scale dimensions and exists in the form of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), and nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC). Owing to its high surface area, non-toxic nature, good mechanical properties, low thermal expansion, and high biodegradability, it is obtaining high attraction in the fields of electronics, paper making, packaging, and filtration, as well as the biomedical industry. To obtain the full potential of nanocellulose, it is chemically modified to alter the surface, resulting in improved properties. 
  • 2.1K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus is a paid and open-source computer software for building Amazon Web Services (AWS)-compatible private and hybrid cloud computing environments, originally developed by the company Eucalyptus Systems. Eucalyptus is an acronym for Elastic Utility Computing Architecture for Linking Your Programs To Useful Systems. Eucalyptus enables pooling compute, storage, and network resources that can be dynamically scaled up or down as application workloads change. Mårten Mickos was the CEO of Eucalyptus. In September 2014, Eucalyptus was acquired by Hewlett-Packard and then maintained by DXC Technology. After DXC stopped developing the product in late 2017, AppScale Systems forked the code and started supporting Eucalyptus customers.
  • 2.1K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sensing and Automation Technologies for Ornamental Crops
The ornamental crop industry is an important contributor to the economy in the United States. The industry has been facing challenges due to continuously increasing labor and agricultural input costs. Sensing and automation technologies have been introduced to reduce labor requirements and to ensure efficient management operations. Applications of sensors, computer vision, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), Internet-of-Things (IoT), and robotic technologies are reported. Some advanced technologies, including 3D cameras, enhanced deep learning models, edge computing, radio-frequency identification (RFID), and integrated robotics used for other cropping systems, are also discussed as potential prospects. Advanced sensing, AI and robotic technologies are critically needed for the nursery crop industry. Adapting these current and future innovative technologies will benefit growers working towards sustainable ornamental nursery crop production.
  • 2.1K
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Graphene Oxide (GO) Materials
Graphene-based materials, due to their high sensitivity, inexpensive, fast response and simple operation, are utilized in the fabrication of biosensors based on various sensing methods, such as optical and electrochemical signaling. These materials are successful electrode materials due to their electrochemical characteristics, which can enhance the detection of biomoleculessuch as thrombin, oligonucleotides, ATP, amino corrosives, and dopamine. Biomolecules have an essential duty in all life activities, such as disease development, so the precise identification of biomolecules is necessary for disease diagnosis and therapy.
  • 2.1K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
TiO2: Next Generation Photocatalysts
TiO2 is the most widely used photocatalyst in many energy and environmental applications. This entry describes the basic structure and properties of TiO2 as a nanomaterials. It also enlists the special properties of TiO2 which make it a best candidate for photocatalysis reaction. It also explains the drawbacks of TiO2 nanomaterials along with the strategies to overcome those. 
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Carnitine Acyl-carnitine Carrier
The SLC25A20 transporter, also known as carnitine acyl-carnitine carrier (CAC), catalyzes the transport of short, medium and long carbon chain acyl-carnitines across the mitochondrial inner membrane in exchange for carnitine. The 30-year story of the protein responsible for this function started with its purification from rat liver mitochondria. 
  • 2.1K
  • 07 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Permeate flux prediction
In any membrane filtration, the prediction of permeate flux is critical to calculate the membrane surface required, which is an essential parameter for scaling-up, equipment sizing, and cost determination. Permeate flux prediction is an essential parameter in membrane performance evaluation and the projections for scaling-up from laboratory to the pilot plant or the industrial scale. 
  • 2.1K
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Integrated Microbial Fuel Cell System
Microbial fuel cell is an exclusive treatment for the management of contaminated water and energy production based on microbe–electrode interaction. Although the technology has developed significantly in recent years, it is still far from being employed in the practical field. Scalability problems, including external and internal resistance, size challenges, and cathode problems, are the reasons for its confined efficiency. MFCs appear to have the potential to be integrated into other processes, such as sediment MFCs (SMFCs), desalination cells (DS), membrane biofilters, and constructed wetlands (CWs).
  • 2.1K
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
P(3HB-co-3HV)
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (P(3HB-co-3HV)) is the most studied short-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) with high application importance in various fields owing to its biodegradability, biocompatibility, renewability and thermoplastic properties. PHA are biopolyesters with plastic-like properties accumulated by microorganisms as a reserved energy source in the form of granules under carbon-excess and nitrogen-limited conditions. P(3HB-co-3HV) can be produced through microbial fermentation and has great potential as an alternative for non-biodegradable synthetic plastics.
  • 2.1K
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Air Pollution Tolerance Index
Air pollution is a global environmental issue, and there is an urgent need for sustainable remediation techniques. Thus, phytoremediation has become a popular approach to air pollution remediation.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Suspension (Motorcycle)
A motorcycle's suspension serves a dual purpose: contributing to the vehicle's handling and braking, and providing safety and comfort by keeping the vehicle's passengers comfortably isolated from road noise, bumps and vibrations. The typical motorcycle has a pair of fork tubes for the front suspension, and a swingarm with one or two shock absorbers for the rear suspension.
  • 2.1K
  • 11 Nov 2022
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