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Topic Review
Hypoxia-Inducible Factors and the Regulation of Lipid Metabolism
Oxygen deprivation or hypoxia characterizes a number of serious pathological conditions and elicits a number of adaptive changes that are mainly mediated at the transcriptional level by the family of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). The HIF target gene repertoire includes genes responsible for the regulation of metabolism, oxygen delivery and cell survival. Although the involvement of HIFs in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and the switch to anaerobic glycolysis under hypoxia is well established, their role in the control of lipid anabolism and catabolism remains still relatively obscure. Recent evidence indicates that many aspects of lipid metabolism are modified during hypoxia or in tumor cells in a HIF-dependent manner, contributing significantly to the pathogenesis and/or progression of cancer and metabolic disorders. 
  • 1.3K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Cell-Penetrable Peptide-Conjugated FADD protein
Peptide mediated intracellular delivery of FADD protein, efficiently expressed in the cytosol and target core pro-tumorigenic NFκB signaling to restrict cancer cells proliferation. This approach has the potential to design strategies for targeted delivery of proteins inside the cells, which might be useful in cancer therapeutics.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Ras Isoforms
The central protein in the oncogenic circuitry is the Ras GTPase that has been under intense scrutiny for the last four decades.  The complexity of the Ras functioning is further exemplified by the fact that the three canonical Ras genes encode for four protein isoforms (H-Ras, K-Ras4A, K-Ras4B, and N-Ras).
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Green Tea Catechins in Fatty Liver Disease
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a polyphenol green tea catechin with potential health benefits and therapeutic effects in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a common liver disorder that adversely affects liver function and lipid metabolism. 
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Magnetic-Assisted Treatment of Liver Fibrosis
Chronic liver injury can be induced by viruses, toxins, cellular activation, and metabolic dysregulation and can lead to liver fibrosis. Hepatic fibrosis still remains a major burden on the global health systems. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are considered the main cause of liver fibrosis. Hepatic stellate cells are key targets in antifibrotic treatment, but selective engagement of these cells is an unresolved issue. 
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Delivery Systems for Mitochondrial Gene Therapy
Mitochondria are membrane-bound cellular organelles of high relevance responsible for the chemical energy production used in most of the biochemical reactions of cells. Mitochondria have their own genome, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Inherited solely from the mother, this genome is quite susceptible to mutations, mainly due to the absence of an effective repair system. Mutations in mtDNA are associated with endocrine, metabolic, neurodegenerative diseases, and even cancer. Mitochondrial gene therapy emerges as a promising strategy as it deeply focuses on the cause of mitochondrial disorder. The development of suitable mtDNA-based delivery systems to target and transfect mammalian mitochondria represents an exciting field of research, leading to progress in the challenging task of restoring mitochondria’s normal function. 
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review Video
Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Next-Generation Drug Delivery
Plant cells release tiny membranous vesicles called extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are rich in lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and pharmacologically active compounds. These plant-derived EVs (PDEVs) are safe and easily extractable and have been shown to have therapeutic effects against inflammation, cancer, bacteria, and aging. They have shown promise in preventing or treating colitis, cancer, alcoholic liver disease, and even COVID-19. PDEVs can also be used as natural carriers for small-molecule drugs and nucleic acids through various administration routes such as oral, transdermal, or injection. The unique advantages of PDEVs make them highly competitive in clinical applications and preventive healthcare products in the future.
  • 1.3K
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review
Avocado–Soybean Unsaponifiables
Avocado and soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) constitute vegetable extracts made from fruits and seeds of avocado and soybean oil. Characterized by its potent anti-inflammatory effects, this ASU mixture is recommended to act as an adjuvant treatment for osteoarthritic pain and slow-acting symptomatic treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis; autoimmune diseases; diffuse scleroderma and scleroderma-like states (e.g., morphea, sclerodactyly, scleroderma in bands). Besides, it was reported that it can improve the mood and quality of life of postmenopausal women in reducing menopause-related symptoms.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using oxygen, light, and photosensitizers, which has potential for making up for the weakness of the existing therapies such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. It has been mainly used to treat cancer, and clinical tests for second-generation photosensitizers with improved physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic profiles, or singlet oxygen quantum yield have been conducted.
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Formaldehyde Measurement in Biological Samples
Formaldehyde (FA) is the simplest aldehyde present both in the environment and in living organisms. FA is an extremely reactive compound capable of protein crosslinking and DNA damage. However, FA is a product of normal cellular metabolism, and it plays an important role in many biochemical processes. Different methods initially used for non-biological objects have been adapted for biological samples. In addition, numerous approaches, including chemically-synthesized probes and genetically encoded FA-sensors for in cellulo and in vivo FA monitoring, were developed. 
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors facilitate urine glucose excretion by reducing glucose reabsorption, leading to ameliorate glycemic control. While the main characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus are insufficient insulin secretion and insulin resistance, SGLT2 inhibitors have some favorable effects on pancreatic β-cell function and insulin sensitivity. SGLT2 inhibitors ameliorate fatty liver and reduce visceral fat mass.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Emerging Targeted Therapies for HER2-Positive Breast Cancer
HER2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer, which accounts for ~20% of breast cancer, is one of the more aggressive and has the worst overall survival rate among them. These patients are treated with trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the HER2 molecule. Even though trastuzumab is an effective therapy, resistance events hamper its clinical benefit, making the development of new therapies a constantly growing area of interest. 
  • 1.3K
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Defining Blood Plasma and Serum Metabolome by GC-MS
Metabolomics uses advanced analytical chemistry methods to analyze metabolites in biological samples. The most intensively studied samples are blood and its liquid components: plasma and serum. Armed with advanced equipment and progressive software solutions, the scientific community has shown that small molecules’ roles in living systems are not limited to traditional “building blocks” or “just fuel” for cellular energy. 
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Histone Lysine Methylation
The level and state of histone lysine methylation depends not only on the activity of histone methyltransferases (KMTs) but also on the counteracting activity of histone lysine demethylases (KDMs). The variety of methylation sites and differentially methylated states describes the level of complexity of signaling mediated by histone lysine methylation, which is involved in transcription regulation, gene silencing, genome stability and RNA processing.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor
Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates cell growth and proliferation. Upregulation of the IGF1R pathway constitutes a common paradigm shared with other receptor tyrosine kinases such as EGFR, HER2, and MET in different cancer types, including colon cancer. The main IGF1R signaling pathways are PI3K-AKT and MAPK-MEK. However, different processes, such as post-translational modification (SUMOylation), epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and microenvironment complexity, can also contribute to intrinsic and acquired resistance.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
The HPA Axis and Dreaming
This is an overview of research on dream recall/affect and of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, discussing caveats regarding the action of hormones of the HPA axis (mainly cortisol and its free form, cortisol-binding globulin and glucocorticoid receptors). Results of studies regarding dream recall/affect and the HPA axis under physiological (such as waking) or pathological conditions (such as in Cushing’s syndrome or stressful situations) are presented.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Exosome binding/uptake mediated by Integrin
Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicle (EV) of endocytic origin that are released by virtually all cells in multicellular organisms and carry out important intercellular communication functions through the transfer of their biomolecular cargo, which includes lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and metabolites, between the producing and the recipient/target cells [1]. Exosomes produced by cancer cells have been shown to influence many processes related to cancer progression and metastasis, such as tumor cell proliferation and invasion, angiogenesis, tumor microenvironment promotion and remodelling, chemotherapy resistance, and immune suppression (recently reviewed in [2,3,4]).
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Neurogenic Niches
Adult neurogenesis, involving the generation of functional neurons from adult neural stem cells (NSCs), occurs constitutively in discrete brain regions such as hippocampus, sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) and hypothalamus. The intrinsic structural plasticity of the neurogenic process allows the adult brain to face the continuously changing external and internal environment and requires coordinated interplay between all cell types within the specialized microenvironment of the neurogenic niche. NSC-, neuronal- and glia-derived factors, originating locally, regulate the balance between quiescence and self-renewal of NSC, their differentiation programs and the survival and integration of newborn cells. Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are emerging as important mediators of cell-to-cell communication, representing an efficient way to transfer the biologically active cargos (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) by which they modulate the function of the recipient cells. At present, little is known on the physiological role of EVs in neurogenic niches. 
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Role of Coenzyme Q
Coenzyme Q is a unique lipidic molecule highly conserved in evolution and essential to maintaining aerobic metabolism. It is endogenously synthesized in all cells by a very complex pathway involving a group of nuclear genes that share high homology among species. This pathway is tightly regulated at transcription and translation, but also by environment and energy requirements. Dysfunction in CoQ synthesis produces mitochondrial diseases that can partially reverted by CoQ supplementation. The main function of CoQ10 in human metabolism and antioxidant protection of membranes against oxidation and ferroptosis makes CoQ10 as an essential factor in many metabolic, chronic diseases and also in aging.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Aerobic Glycolysis in Cancer Cells
Aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells, which involves the production of lactate as the end product of glucose breakdown even in the presence of adequate oxygen, is the foundation for the current interest in the cancer-cell-specific reprograming of metabolic pathways. The renewed interest in cancer cell metabolism has now gone well beyond the original Warburg effect related to glycolysis to other metabolic pathways that include amino acid metabolism, one-carbon metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, nucleotide synthesis, antioxidant machinery, etc. Since glucose and amino acids constitute the primary nutrients that fuel the altered metabolic pathways in cancer cells, the transporters that mediate the transfer of these nutrients and their metabolites not only across the plasma membrane but also across the mitochondrial and lysosomal membranes have become an integral component of the expansion of the Warburg effect.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Jan 2024
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