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Topic Review
Mushrooms as Therapeutic Adjuvant of Cancer Therapies
Mushrooms may act as a potentiator of host defense mechanisms and decrease adverse events in patients with cancer undergoing conventional therapies. 
  • 679
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Polyphenols Mediate Neuroprotection in Cerebral Ischemic Stroke
Stroke is one of the main causes of mortality and disability, and it is due to be included in monetary implications on wellbeing frameworks around the world. Ischemic stroke is caused by interference in cerebral blood flow, leading to a deficit in the supply of oxygen to the affected region. It accounts for nearly 80–85% of all cases of stroke. Oxidative stress has a significant impact on the pathophysiologic cascade in brain damage leading to stroke. In the acute phase, oxidative stress mediates severe toxicity, and it initiates and contributes to late-stage apoptosis and inflammation. Oxidative stress conditions occur when the antioxidant defense in the body is unable to counteract the production and aggregation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
  • 675
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Equipoise in Immunotherapy Era. Treating Autoimmunity or Cancer
Numerous immunotherapeutic agents, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have been approved for the treatment of genitourinary (GU) malignancies. While ICIs have improved treatment outcomes and expanded treatment options, they can cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs). 
  • 674
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Pharmacokinetics of Tocotrienol
Tocotrienols are valuable nutraceuticals due to their numerous pharmacological properties, particularly in preventing or treating non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, metabolic, and skin disorders, as well as cancers.
  • 673
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Blood Biomarkers of Antipsychotic-Induced Metabolic Syndrome
A biomarker is a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated to detect disease in patients. Traditionally, laboratory diagnoses of Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and assessments of cardiovascular risk (CVR) include analyses of blood (serum or plasma) biomarkers, i.e., total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), insulin and C-peptide.
  • 672
  • 18 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Cyclodextrins and Their Derivatives as Drug Stability Modifiers
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are versatile excipients that are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as receptor molecules to form complexes with drugs. CDs are cyclic oligosaccharides composed of α-1,4-linked D-glucopyranoside subunits obtained through enzymatic starch degradation.
  • 672
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Berberine in Diabetes and Related Complications Treatment
Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid that can be extracted from herbs such as Coptis, Phellodendron, and Berberis. BBR has been widely used as a folk medicine to treat various disorders. It is a multi-target drug with multiple mechanisms. Studies have shown that it has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and can also adjust intestinal microbial flora. 
  • 670
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Plant-Derived Proteasome Inhibitors in Developing Cancer Therapeutics
Homeostasis between protein synthesis and degradation is a critical biological function involving a lot of precise and intricate regulatory systems. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) is a large, multi-protease complex that degrades most intracellular proteins and accounts for about 80% of cellular protein degradation. The proteasome, a massive multi-catalytic proteinase complex that plays a substantial role in protein processing, has been shown to have a wide range of catalytic activity and is at the center of this eukaryotic protein breakdown mechanism. As cancer cells overexpress proteins that induce cell proliferation, while blocking cell death pathways, UPP inhibition has been used as an anticancer therapy to change the balance between protein production and degradation towards cell death. Natural products have unique chemical diversity, which results in diversity in their biological activities and drug-like properties. Physical chemistry has been able to recognize the high structural diversity of natural products. Their efficacy is related to the complexity of their well-organized three-dimensional chemical and steric properties, which offer many advantages in terms of efficiency and the selectivity of molecular targets.
  • 668
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Golimumab Therapy for the Treatment of Psoriatic Arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic debilitating autoimmune condition, and when diagnosed in patients before the age of eighteen, it is considered pediatric polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is an umbrella term used to describe different inflammatory arthropathies that are diagnosed in children under the age of sixteen with symptoms lasting at least six weeks. Psoriatic arthritis differs from other arthropathies, particularly in its cutaneous involvement. The disease can be monoarticular or polyarticular, but a few distinguishing characteristics include radiographic findings of the “pencil-in-cup deformity” and scaly, white skin lesions that often bleed when scratched.
  • 667
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Alpha-2 Agonists for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), which is marked by symptoms such as inappropriate levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that can affect academic, social, and personal functioning in children and adolescents.
  • 666
  • 01 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Pharmacogenetics of Antidepressants
Pharmacotherapy for neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, has been characterized by significant inter-individual variability in drug response and the development of side effects. Pharmacogenetics, as a key part of personalized medicine, aims to optimize therapy according to a patient’s individual genetic signature by targeting genetic variations involved in pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic processes. Pharmacokinetic variability refers to variations in a drug’s absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, whereas pharmacodynamic variability results from variable interactions of an active drug with its target molecules.
  • 665
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Seaweed Sulfated Polysaccharides
Seaweed sulfated polysaccharides (PSs) has wide therapeutic potential, including anticoagulant, thrombolytic, and fibrinolytic activities, opens up new possibilities for their study in experimental and clinical trials. These natural compounds can be important complementary drugs for the recovery from hemostasis disorders due to their natural origin, safety, and low cost compared to synthetic drugs.
  • 664
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
The Skin and Natural Cannabinoids
The chemical constituents of the Cannabis plant known as cannabinoids have been extensively researched for their potential therapeutic benefits. The use of cannabinoids applied to the skin as a potential method for both skin-related benefits and systemic administration.
  • 664
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Drug Response Diversity
Interindividual heterogeneity in response to treatment is a real public health problem. It is a factor that can be responsible not only for ineffectiveness or fatal toxicity but also for hospitalization due to iatrogenic effects, thus increasing the cost of patient care. Several research teams have been interested in what may be at the origin of these phenomena, particularly at the genetic level and the basal activity of organs dedicated to the inactivation and elimination of drug molecules. Today, a new branch is being set up, explaining the enigmatic part that could not be explained before. Pharmacomicrobiomics attempts to investigate the interactions between bacteria, especially those in the gut, and drug response.
  • 662
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Potassium Ion Channels in Glioma
Ion channels are transmembrane proteins that create a regulated pore structure through which ions can pass across the lipid bilayer of biological membranes. Ion channels, specifically those controlling the flux of potassium across cell membranes, have been shown to exhibit an important role in the pathophysiology of glioma, the most common primary central nervous system tumor with a poor prognosis.
  • 658
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Non-Steroidal CYP17A1 Inhibitors and Prostate Cancer
Abiraterone is the only (as of 2021) CYP17A1 inhibitor approved for the treatment of castrate resistant prostate cancer. It is a molecule based on a steroidal scaffold.
  • 657
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Paclitaxel in Bioinspired Nanosystems for Targeted Delivery
Taxanes are a class of diterpenes originally isolated from plants of the yew family (Taxaceae). An intriguing alternative to natural vesicles is represented by bioinspired extracellular vesicle (EV)-like nanoparticles (NPs), for example exosomes (EXOs) obtained from a serial extrusion process of a parent cell membrane suspension through decreasing pore size membranes or from hybridization of EXOs and liposome membranes.
  • 656
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Natural Products as Novel Medications for Parkinson’s Disease
As the global population ages, the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is steadily on the rise. PD demonstrates chronic and progressive characteristics, and many cases can transition into dementia. This increases societal and economic burdens, emphasizing the need to find effective treatments. Among the widely recognized causes of PD is the abnormal accumulation of proteins, and autophagy dysfunction accelerates this accumulation. The resultant Lewy bodies are also commonly found in Alzheimer’s disease patients, suggesting an increased potential for the onset of dementia. Additionally, the production of free radicals due to mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to neuronal damage and degeneration. The activation of astrocytes and the M1 phenotype of microglia promote damage to dopamine neurons. The drugs currently used for PD only delay the clinical progression and exacerbation of the disease without targeting its root cause, and come with various side effects. Thus, there is a demand for treatments with fewer side effects, with much potential offered by natural products. 
  • 656
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Methods for DDIs Mediated by Renal Transporters
Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) are a key issue in clinical rational administration and post-marketing pharmacovigilance. Since the 1980s, with the development of molecular biology, the study of renal transporters has made rapid progress. The exploration of these transporters has helped to improve drug safety and efficacy, played an important role in understanding drug toxicity and DDIs, and also provided a theoretical basis for improving drug targeting. Regarding renal transporters, researchers and drug discovery scientists have studied a lot in the field of their mediated DDIs, from traditional models to recent biomarker methods and in silico models.
  • 655
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Biologic Functions of Hydroxychloroquine in Disease
Chloroquine (CQ) and Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), initially utilized in the treatment of malaria, have developed a long list of applications. Despite their clinical relevance, their mechanisms of action are not clearly defined. Major pathways by which these agents are proposed to function include alkalinization of lysosomes and endosomes, downregulation of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) expression, high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) inhibition, alteration of intracellular calcium, and prevention of thrombus formation. 
  • 650
  • 09 Dec 2022
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