You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Asthma and Lung Cancer
A large gap still exists in our knowledge of the effects of dietary supplements on lung cancer risk/mortality in asthmatic smokers and nonsmokers. There is a lack of reliable studies for detecting such an effect says a researcher in the journal Nutrients [1]. The researcher undertook a comprehensive review of studies on the topic, and is now calling for trials and studies of these supplements to detect their benefits and harms. The best way to reduce lung cancer risk is to get those at greatest risk of lung cancer (active and passive smokers, particularly those with asthma) to stop smoking or reduce exposure to tobacco smoke. In industrial societies, airborne environmental pollutants are also risk factors. [1] Alsharairi, N. The effects of dietary supplements on Asthma and Lung Cancer risk in smokers and non-smokers: A review of the literature. Nutrients, 2019, 11, 725.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Penicillin Allergy Influence for Early Dental Implant Failure
The prescription of preventive antibiotics (PA) in dental implant treatments reduces the incidence of early failures. The PA used in these patients was clindamycin, showing a significantly high associated risk of implant failure.  
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Oct 2021
Topic Review
The Role of Curcumin in Chronic Disorders
Curcumin is the primary polyphenol in turmeric’s curcuminoid class. It has a wide range of therapeutic applications, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, and anticancer effects against various cancers, but has poor solubility and low bioavailability.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Allergen Immunotherapy
Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the sole disease-modifying treatment for allergic rhinitis; it prevents rhinitis from progressing to asthma and lowers medication use. AIT against mites, insect venom, and certain kinds of pollen is effective. The mechanism of action of AIT is based on inducing immunological tolerance characterized by increased IL-10, TGF-β, and IgG4 levels and Treg cell counts. However, AIT requires prolonged schemes of administration and is sometimes associated with adverse reactions. Over the last decade, novel forms of AIT have been developed, focused on better allergen identification, structural modifications to preserve epitopes for B or T cells, post-traductional alteration through chemical processes, and the addition of adjuvants. These modified allergens induce clinical-immunological effects similar to those mentioned above, increasing the tolerance to other related allergens but with fewer side effects. Clinical studies have shown that molecular AIT is efficient in treating grass and birch allergies. 
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Headaches Treatment
Headaches are one of the most common medical complaints worldwide, and treatment is often made difficult because of misclassification. Peripheral nerve stimulation has emerged as a novel treatment for the treatment of intractable headaches in recent years. While high-quality evidence does exist regarding its use, efficacy is generally limited to specific nerves and headache types. While much research remains to bring this technology to the mainstream, clinicians are increasingly able to provide safe yet efficacious pain control.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
The Molecular Hydrogen Hypothesis
Since the late 18th century, molecular hydrogen (H2) has been shown to be well tolerated, firstly in animals, and then in humans. However, although research into the beneficial effects of molecular hydrogen in both plant and mammalian physiology is gaining momentum, the idea of utilising this electrochemically neutral and non-polar diatomic compound for the benefit of health has yet to be widely accepted by regulatory bodies worldwide. Due to the precise mechanisms of H2 activity being as yet undefined, the lack of primary target identification, coupled with difficulties regarding administration methods (e.g., dosage and dosage frequencies, long-term effects of treatment, and the patient’s innate antioxidant profile), there is a requirement for H2 research to evidence how it can reasonably and most effectively be incorporated into medical practice.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Biomarkers of Allergic Asthma
Allergic asthma is the most common asthma phenotype and is characterized by IgE sensitization to airborne allergens and subsequent typical asthmatic symptoms after exposure. A form of type 2 (T2) airway inflammation underlies allergic asthma. It usually arises in childhood and is accompanied by multimorbidity presenting with the occurrence of other atopic diseases, such as atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis. Biomarkers identifying patients with allergic asthma include total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and serum eosinophil counts. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Measurement of Pain in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) affects a significant number of people. It is characterized by abdominal pain, bloating and an irregular bowel habit, varying from constipation to diarrhea. It can affect up to 8.8% of people worldwide and, in all countries, it affects women more often than men with a ratio of 1.4:1.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Endoscopic Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Gallbladder Lesions
Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has a high spatial resolution that can improve the diagnosis of GB polypoid lesions, GB wall thickness, and GB carcinoma staging. Vascularity can be evaluated using contrast-enhancing agents. Therefore, contrast-enhanced EUS may be useful for the differential diagnosis of GB lesions. However, the evidence of their effectiveness is still limited, and further studies are required in this area to establish its usefulness.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Non-IgE-Mediated Gastrointestinal Food Protein-Induced Allergic Disorders
Non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergy (non-IgE-GI-FA) is the name given to a series of pathologies whose main entities are food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP), food protein-induced enteropathy (FPE), and food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES). These are more uncommon than IgE-mediated food allergies, their mechanisms remain largely unknown, and their diagnosis is mainly done by clinical history, due to the lack of specific biomarkers. 
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Allergy to Fungi in Veterinary Medicine
The fungal kingdom comprises ubiquitous forms of life with 1.5 billion years, mostly phytopathogenic and commensals for humans and animals. However, in the presence of immune disorders, fungi may cause disease by intoxicating, infecting or sensitizing with allergy. Species from the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus and Malassezia, as well as dermatophytes from the genera Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton, are the most commonly implicated in veterinary medicine. 
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Nutrition and Healthy Aging
Nutritinal well-being is a fundamental aspect for the health, autonomy and therefore the quality of life of all people, but expecially of the elderly. Old patients are particularly at risk of malnutrition, due to the multiple etiopathogenetic factors which can lead to a reduction in intake of nutrients, a progressive loss of functinal autonomy with dependence on food, psychological problems related to economic or social isolation, e.g. linked to poverty or loneliness. Gasteointestinal changes in aging involve motor function and therefore intestinal transit, mechanical breackdown of food and his chemical digestion. These alterations progressively lead to the reducede ability to supply the body with adequate quantities of nutrients, with the consequent  development of malnutrition.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Neurologic Symptoms of Long COVID
SARS-CoV-2, a single-stranded RNA coronavirus, causes an illness known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Long-term complications are an increasing issue in patients who have been infected with COVID-19 and may be a result of persistent viral-associated systemic and central nervous system inflammation or may be attributed to virus-induced microvascular blood clots. COVID-19 may incite changes in brain function with a wide range of lingering symptoms. Patients often experience fatigue and may note brain fog, sensorimotor symptoms, headaches and sleep disturbances. Prolonged neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms are prevalent and can interfere substantially in everyday life, leading to a massive public health concern.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Signaling Pathways Involving Epigallocatechin Gallate
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the main bioactive component of catechins predominantly present in various types of tea. EGCG is well known for a wide spectrum of biological activities as an anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor agent. The effect of EGCG on cell death mechanisms via the induction of apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy has been documented.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Contact Dermatitis in Nail Cosmetics
Many ingredients found within nail cosmetic products are capable of sensitizing patients’ immune systems and causing contact dermatitis (CD). Below this entry describes the most common allergens found within these products, how to identify them, and how to treat the contact dermatitis they’ve caused. 
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Energy Metabolism and Ketogenic Diets
It is well consolidated that a common mesenchymal cell progenitor shared by bone, skeletal muscle, and adipocytes cell progenitors exists. This makes the role of the skeleton in energy metabolism no longer surprising. Moreover, it also suggests that bone fragility could also be seen as a consequence of a “poor” quality in nutrition. Despite of the fact that ketogenic diet has been proven to be effective in epilepsy, long-term follow-up studies on epileptic children undergoing ketogenic diet reported an increased incidence of bone fractures and decreased bone mineral density too. However, the causes of such negative impacts on bone health have to be better defined. More recently, shorter-terms, or repeated cyclically for more or less short periods, KDs are used also in patients affected by T2DM, obesity, PCOS and so on. While possible correlations between KD and bone health were at least conceivable in children, it remains unclear whether the KD effects on bone health may be different in adults. Only few clinical studies have been adequately designed to investigate bone health are scarce and bone health related aspects, so far.  A narrative review on this issue, together practical advice on designing and implementing clinical studies on ketogenic nutritional regimens and bone health outcomes, is provided.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Pharmacokinetics of Macrolide Antibiotics in Respiratory Infection
Macrolide antibiotics are important drugs to combat infections. The pharmacokinetics (PK) of these drugs are essential for the determination of their optimal dose regimens, which affect antimicrobial pharmacodynamics and treatment success. For most drugs, the measurement of their concentrations in plasma/serum is the surrogate for drug concentrations in target tissues for therapy.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
L-Arginine
l-Arginine is a semi-essential amino acid involved in numerous biological processes. It is a substrate for different enzymatic reactions and is metabolized using three major known pathways in the body: (1) Arginase metabolizes l-Arginine to l-ornithine, (2) l-Arginine decarboxylase metabolizes l-Arginine to agmatine, and (3) nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) uses l-Arginine to form NO and citrulline.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Cytokine Storm in COVID-19
The concept of cytokine storm has been better elucidated and extended to the pathogenesis of many other conditions, such as sepsis, autoinflammatory disease, primary and secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and multicentric Castleman disease. Moreover, cytokine storm has recently emerged as a key aspect in the novel Coronavirus disease 2019, as affected patients show high levels of several key pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IP-10, GM-CSF, MCP-1, and IL-10, some of which also correlate with disease severity.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Alpha-Ketoglutarate
The generation of peroxynitrite (ONOO−) is associated with several diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, neurodegeneration, cancer, inflammation, and sepsis. Alpha-ketoglutarate (αKG) is a known potential highly antioxidative agent for radical oxidative species such as peroxides. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Oct 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 18
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback