Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Nanoplastics Toxicity Specific to Liver
Plastic pollution in the world is widespread and growing. The environment is swamped with nanoplastics (<100 nm), and the health consequences of these less visible pollutants are unknown. Furthermore, there is evidence that microplastics can release nanoplastics by digestive disintegration, implying that macroplastic exposure can cause direct and indirect disease via nanoplastics. Nanoplastics enters an organism through the respiratory and gastro-intestinal tract where they accumulate into the liver through blood circulation via absorption, or epidermal infiltration. It is stated that macroplastics can cause damage directly at the site of exposure, whereas nanoplastics can influence the liver, causing subsequent damage to other organs. Multi-organ dysfunction is brought on by liver changes, and nanoplastics can readily enter the gut-liver axis and disturb the gut microflora. 
  • 453
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Ciguatera Fish Poison
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CP)-related toxins (CTXs) are closely related structural congeners with a polyether backbone similar to brevetoxins. CTXs are classified based on their geographic origin into Pacific Ocean ciguatoxins (P-CTXs), Caribbean Sea ciguatoxins (C-CTXs), and Indian Ocean ciguatoxins (I-CTXs). I-CTX-1 and -2 have the same molecular weight of 1140.6 Da as C-CTX-1 and -2 and are pharmacologically related, but they do not co-elute, and there are no structures available for I-CTX due to poor chromatographic recoveries. 
  • 452
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Fetotoxicity of Nanoparticles
Due to the small size, nanoparticles have the potential to cross the placental barrier and cause toxicity in the fetus.
  • 450
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
The Gut–Liver–Brain Axis
The gut–liver–brain axis constitutes a multidirectional communication network that connects the enteric, hepatic, and central nervous systems. Through the complex interplay between the gut–liver, gut–brain, and liver–brain axes, this communication network extends to involve endocrine, immune (humoral), and metabolic routes of communication. Within the network, the gut and liver affect cognitive behaviors through the host’s immune responses and the regulation of microbiota, and the brain also influences intestinal and hepatic activities. Studies in animals have shown that an impaired gut–liver–brain axis is associated with diseases such as hepatic encephalopathy, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Multiple Sclerosis, depression, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
  • 449
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Neurological Signs Produced by Viperid Bites
Snake venoms as tools for hunting are primarily aimed at the most vital systems of the prey, especially the nervous and circulatory systems. The venom of most viperids has a hemolytic effect; victims die from blood incoagulability and numerous hemorrhages in internal organs. However, neurological signs are often observed after viperid bites.
  • 436
  • 24 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Foodborne Botulism
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) produced by Clostridia species are the most potent identified natural toxins. Classically, the toxic neurological syndrome is characterized by an (afebrile) acute symmetric descending flaccid paralysis. The most know typical clinical syndrome of botulism refers to the foodborne form. All different forms are characterized by the same symptoms, caused by toxin-induced neuromuscular paralysis.
  • 435
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Utilization of Zebrafish Nano-/Microparticles Toxicity in Water
A large amount of nano-/microparticles (MNPs) are released into water, not only causing severe water pollution, but also negatively affecting organisms. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate MNP toxicity and mechanisms in water. There is a significant degree of similarity between the genes, the central nervous system, the liver, the kidney, and the intestines of zebrafish and the human body.
  • 434
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms of Transporter-Mediated Herb-Drug Interactions 
As the use of herbs has become more popular worldwide, there are increasing reports of herb-drug interactions (HDIs) following the combination of herbs and drugs. The active components of herbs are complex and have a variety of pharmacological activities, which inevitably affect changes in the pharmacokinetics of chemical drugs in vivo.
  • 428
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Nephrotoxic Effects of Paraoxon
Paraoxone as an organophosphorus compound has nephrotoxic properties for mammalian kidneys. In experiments on rats, even a single intoxication with paraoxone leads to the development of changes in the biochemical parameters of blood and urine, and causes structural changes in the renal tubules and ultrastructural changes in the glomerular basal membrane.
  • 420
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Pharmaceuticals and Pollution
Environmental pollution is a growing threat to natural ecosystems and one of the world’s most pressing concerns. The increasing worldwide use of pharmaceuticals has elevated their status as significant emerging contaminants. Pharmaceuticals enter aquatic environments through multiple pathways related to anthropogenic activity.
  • 416
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Ricin Intoxication
Ricin toxin is a disulfide-linked glycoprotein (AB toxin) comprising one enzymatic A chain (RTA) and one cell-binding B chain (RTB) contained in the castor bean, a Ricinus species. Ricin inhibits peptide chain elongation via disruption of the binding between elongation factors and ribosomes, resulting in apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage, in addition to the classically known rRNA damage. Ricin has been used in traditional medicine throughout the world since prehistoric times. Because ricin toxin is highly toxic and can be readily extracted from beans, it could be used as a bioweapon (CDC B-list). 
  • 415
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Impact  of The Herbicide Glyphosate on Animal Behavior
Use of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides is ubiquitous in US agriculture and widespread around the world. Despite marketing efforts to the contrary, numerous studies demonstrate glyphosate toxicity to non-target organisms including animals, primarily focusing on mortality, carcinogenicity, renal toxicity, reproductive, and neurological toxicity, and the biochemical mechanisms underlying these physiological outcomes. Glyphosate toxicity also impacts animal behavior, both in model systems and in agricultural and environmentally relevant contexts. 
  • 413
  • 15 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Organotin (IV) Dithiocarbamate Compounds as Potential Anticancer Agents
Organotin (IV) dithiocarbamate has recently received attention as a therapeutic agent among organotin (IV) compounds. The individual properties of the organotin (IV) and dithiocarbamate moieties in the hybrid complex form a synergy of action that stimulates increased biological activity. Organotin (IV) components have been shown to play a crucial role in cytotoxicity. The biological effects of organotin compounds are believed to be influenced by the number of Sn-C bonds and the number and nature of alkyl or aryl substituents within the organotin structure. Ligands target and react with molecules while preventing unwanted changes in the biomolecules. Organotin (IV) dithiocarbamate compounds have also been shown to have a broad range of cellular, biochemical, and molecular effects, with their toxicity largely determined by their structure.
  • 404
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Solar Salterns and Pollution
Solar salterns and salt marshes are unique ecosystems with special physicochemical features and characteristic biota. There are very few studies focused on the impacts of pollution on these economic and ecological systems. Unfortunately, diversified pollution (metals, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, etc.) has been detected in these complex ecosystems. These hypersaline environments are under increasing threat due to anthropogenic pressures.
  • 396
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Effect of Metallic Trace Elements on Fish
Metallic trace elements toxicity has been associated with a wide range of morphological abnormalities in fish, both in natural aquatic ecosystems and controlled environments. The bioaccumulation of metallic trace elements can have devastating effects on several aspects of fish health, encompassing physiological, reproductive, behavioural, and developmental functions. 
  • 394
  • 07 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Cancer and Pollution
Cancer is one of the longest-known human diseases, known at least from ancient Egyptian papyri. Even though the causal association between cancer and occupational exposure to pollutants can be inferred from the works of Paracelsus, only in the early 20th century onward, when the nature and role of DNA was unravelled, could oncobiologists and toxicologists join efforts to endeavour understanding mechanism and risk. Nowadays it is known that chemically-induced cancers of environmental origin (excluding tobacco smoking) can represent about 10% or more of the total number of incidences, globally. The paradigmatic case of asbestos in the second half of the 20th century was arguably the first incident to increase the awareness for environmental carcinogens in a global scale. However, it resulted in a long and painstaking ban process that altogether highlights the challenges of safeguarding human and environmental health.
  • 392
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Role of FOXO3a in the Liver
Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors are members of the forkhead box (FOX) family that have a highly conserved forkhead DNA-binding domain (DBD). FOXO transcription factors have been discovered in several species, including the worm (daf-16), the fly (dFoxO), zebrafish, rodents, and humans. To date, four key elements of the mammalian FOXO subfamily have been found, including FOXO1, FOXO3a, FOXO4, and FOXO6. These proteins have a high level of profile similarity and vary mainly in their tissue-specific expression. FOXO3a has been investigated extensively as a special and crucial regulator of cellular homeostasis, lifespan, and stress response. FOXO3a is regarded as a crucial regulator of many essential cellular processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, and ROS detoxification. FOXO3a’s subcellular distribution, protein–protein interactions, stability, and transcriptional selectivity may be influenced by ROS through post-translational modifications (PTMs) and epigenetic processes, as shown by accumulating data.
  • 385
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Functional Effects of TGF-β3
Transforming growth factor-beta 3 (TGF-β3) is a ubiquitously expressed multifunctional cytokine involved in a range of physiological and pathological conditions, including embryogenesis, cell cycle regulation, immunoregulation, and fibrogenesis. 
  • 375
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Environmental Epigenetics in Soil Ecosystems
One of the major emerging concerns within ecotoxicology is the effect of environmental pollutants on epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs. Epigenetic mechanisms regulate gene expression, meaning that the alterations of epigenetic marks can induce long-term physiological effects that can even be inherited across generations. Many invertebrate species have been used as models in environmental epigenetics, with a special focus on DNA methylation changes caused by environmental perturbations (e.g., pollution). Among soil organisms, earthworms are considered the most relevant sentinel organisms for anthropogenic stress assessment and are widely used as standard models in ecotoxicological testing of soil toxicity.
  • 370
  • 04 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Animal Toxin Historical Outlook from Paris Institut Pasteur
The term “toxin” is derived from the Greek word “toxon”, which refers to a bow, implying poisoned arrows, while “poison” is a broader term originating from the Latin “potionem” (meaning a drink). Initially, it denoted harmful liquid substances, and later, it encompassed any dangerous substances. The earliest civilizations were familiar with animal poisons, often using them in combination with plant toxins for hunting and fishing. They also recognized toxins for their potential therapeutic or psychoactive effects, capable of inciting fury, trances, love, and ecstasy.
  • 366
  • 07 Aug 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 7
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback