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Topic Review
Host Genetic Diversity
Host genetic diversity tends to limit disease spread in nature and buffers populations against epidemics. Genetic diversity in wildlife is expected to receive increasing attention in contexts related to disease transmission and human health. 
  • 967
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Spinal Locomotion in Cats
Locomotion is based on the synchronization between the flexion and extension of the limbs and reflex circuits of the spinal cord.
  • 966
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Acute L-Citrulline Supplementation
The present study aimed to investigate whether acute L-citrulline supplementation would affect inspiratory muscle oxygenation and respiratory performance. Twelve healthy males received 6 g of L-citrulline or placebo in a double-blind crossover design. Pulmonary function (i.e., forced expired volume in 1 s, forced vital capacity and their ratio), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), fractional exhaled nitric oxide (NO•), and sternocleidomastoid muscle oxygenation were measured at baseline, one hour post supplementation, and after an incremental resistive breathing protocol to task failure of the respiratory muscles. The resistive breathing task consisted of 30 inspirations at 70% and 80% of MIP followed by continuous inspirations at 90% of MIP until task failure. Sternocleidomastoid muscle oxygenation was assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy. One-hour post-L-citrulline supplementation, exhaled NO• was significantly increased (19.2%; p < 0.05), and this increase was preserved until the end of the resistive breathing (16.4%; p < 0.05). In contrast, no difference was observed in the placebo condition. Pulmonary function and MIP were not affected by the L-citrulline supplementation. During resistive breathing, sternocleidomastoid muscle oxygenation was significantly reduced, with no difference noted between the two supplementation conditions. In conclusion, a single ingestion of 6 g L-citrulline increased NO• bioavailability but not the respiratory performance and inspiratory muscle oxygenation.
  • 966
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Design on TPMS Porous Structure
To solve the mismatch between the comprehensive mechanical properties of the spinal fusion cage and body, a fusion cage inner hole design method based on controllable TPMS-P to characterize the inner hole structure is proposed to solve the related problems. 
  • 966
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Biological Processes of Designing Candidate Anti-Tick Vaccines
Ticks are obligate hematophagous arthropod ectoparasites distributed worldwide, and belong to two families; Ixodidae (hard-bodied ticks) and Argasidae (soft-bodied ticks). They affect 80% of the world’s cattle population and are associated with numerous health and economic effects. In developing tropical countries, tick-borne diseases (TBDs) constitute a major constraint to the livestock production, especially among smallholder farms of East, Central and Southern Africa.
  • 964
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Gut Microbiota of Ruminant Animal
The microorganisms inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of ruminants have a mutualistic relationship with the host that influences the efficiency and health of the ruminants. 
  • 963
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Dairy Cows during Lactation Period
Biochemical health markers provide an indicator of how foreign chemical substances, whether external or internal, affect the animal’s health. To understand the relationship between dairy cow health issues and oxidative stress, various biomarkers of oxidative stress must be investigated. Biochemical and hematological factors play a significant role in determining the biological health markers of animals. A variety of biochemical parameters are dependent on various factors, including the animal’s breed, its age, its development, its pregnancy status, and its production status.
  • 963
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Malate Transport and Metabolism
Legumes form a symbiosis with rhizobia, a soil bacterium that allows them to access atmospheric nitrogen and deliver it to the plant for growth. Biological nitrogen fixation occurs in specialized organs, termed nodules, that develop on the legume root system and house nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteroids in organelle-like structures termed symbiosomes. The process is highly energetic and there is a large demand for carbon by the bacteroids. Evidence indicates that malate is the preferred form of carbon supplied to the bacteroid and this review describes the processes that facilitate malate metabolism and transport.
  • 962
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Feline Polycystic Kidney Disease
Feline polycystic kidney disease is a disease with high prevalence in some feline breeds such as the Persian breed. This disease is characterized by chronic renal failure, appears in animals between three and ten years of age and leads to severe and irreversible kidney failure. 
  • 962
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Anticancer Activities of Selected Medicinal Plants of Himalayas
Prunus cornuta Wall. ex Royle (Rosaceae) and Quercus semicarpifolia Sm (Fagaceae) are widely found in the Himalayan regions of Pakistan and India. These plants contain numerous phytochemicals such as alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, and tannins. Traditionally, P. cornuta has been used to cure anemia. In contrast, Q. semicarpifolia is used to treat various ailments such as muscular pain, bleeding, chronic diarrhea, wound healing, inflammation, and dysentery.
  • 962
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Biotechnological Innovations from Ocean
Marine drugs are abundant in number, comprise of a diverse range of structures with corresponding mechanisms of action, and hold promise for the discovery of new and better treatment approaches for the management of several chronic diseases. There are huge reserves of natural marine biological compounds, as 70 percent of the Earth is covered with oceans, indicating a diversity of chemical entities on the planet.
  • 959
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
White Coat in the Domestic Horse
Traits such as shape, size, and color often influence the economic and sentimental value of a horse. Around the world, horses are bred and prized for the colors and markings that make their unique coat patterns stand out from the crowd. The underlying genetic mechanisms determining the color of a horse’s coat can vary greatly in their complexity.
  • 958
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
PPR Proteins in Plant Growth and Development
Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins are characterized by the presence of tandem arrays of a degenerate 35-amino-acid repeat motif, PPR motif. Based on the types of motif and their arrangement, PPR proteins are divided into two classes, P and PLS. P-class proteins only contain canonical P-motifs with 35 amino acids, whereas PLS-class proteins consist of P-, L- (35 or 36 amino acids), and S- (31 or 32 amino acids) motifs forming tandemly repeated PLS triplets. 
  • 957
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Reproductive Stage Drought Tolerance in Wheat
Drought stress is a major constraint to crop productivity. Our main food crops, the cereals, suffer dramatic yield losses when drought spells coincide with the reproductive growth phase. Climate change scenarios predict increasing occurrences of irregular rainfall and associated drought spells in the future. Enhancing drought tolerance of cereals and other food crops has become essential to stabilise and secure food supplies for an increasing world population. 
  • 955
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
C. Europaea Extracts
Caralluma europaea (Guss.) N.E.Br. (C. europaea), is a medicinal plant used traditionally to treat diabetes mellitus (DM) in Morocco. 
  • 955
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Sustainable Production under Bio-Nanofertilizers of Selenium and Copper
Nanofertilizers indicates nanomaterials that include the plant nutrient itself or the plant nutrient as a carrier and macro-nutrient nanofertilizers, nano-zeolite, nano-hydroxyapatite, and nano-biofertilizers. Nanofertilizers are considered promising materials that display unique properties of nanoparticles at the nano-scale.
  • 955
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Fertilizers with Regional Climate Variability
Climate change affects global crop production year after year. Authors try to explore the effects of various fertilization regimes with climate variability on yield stability for sweet corn production in southern Taiwan. Three fertilization treatments composed of chemical fertilizer only (CF), integrated fertilizer (half organic/half chemical fertilizer) (IF), and organic fertilizer only (OF) were implemented from 2009 to 2018. While the same amounts of these fertilizers were applied during the period, we found that different fertilization changed the marketable yields of fresh fruit (ear), which slightly increased for organic fertilizer, but substantially decreased for both chemical and integrated fertilizer. Above all, we show for the first time that chemical fertilizer had the lowest yield resilience in response to regional relative humidity change compared to organic and integrated fertilizers. Our results also indicate that specific soil microbes have the potential to help sweet corn face environmental vulnerability in subtropical regions.
  • 954
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Orchard Target-Oriented Spraying Systems
Pests in orchards are mainly controlled through the use of chemical pesticides, which decrease fruit loss by 66% to 90%. Orchard air-assisted spraying technology is recommended as highly effective by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, and this method has been widely used for orchard pest control. Traditional orchard air-assisted spraying methods involve spraying a pesticide solution in a continuous and uniform manner. This not only requires a large amount of pesticide, but also causes environmental pollution due to the drift of excess spray into the air and onto the ground. To address this problem, orchard air-assisted target-oriented spraying systems with various sensors have been developed, thus enabling variable-rate spraying based on information such as tree location, canopy profile and leaf density, and significantly reducing the amount of pesticides used.
  • 954
  • 23 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Bioprospecting Desert Plants
In deserts, endophytic microbes help plants thrive in dry, nutrient-poor soils by increasing nitrogen and phosphorus availability and alleviating stress caused by heat, inadequate moisture, and pathogen attack. These desert endophytes can be isolated from their hosts and then placed into non-native hosts, such as crop plants, in order to confer similar benefits to their new hosts. Screening desert plants for beneficial endophytes allows for the discovery of new biofertilizers and biocontrol agents that may be especially helpful in arid regions or farmland areas experiencing increasing  drought frequency due to climate change. 
  • 953
  • 01 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Symbiodiniaceae in Antipatharians (Black Corals)
Antipatharians are understudied ecosystem engineers of shallow (<30 m depth), mesophotic (30–150 m) and deep-sea (>200 m) reefs. They provide habitat to numerous organisms, enhancing and supporting coral reef biodiversity globally. Nonetheless, little biological and ecological information exists on antipatharians, including the extent to which global change disturbances are threatening their health. The previous assumption that they were exempted from threats related to the phenomenon known as bleaching was challenged by the recent findings of high densities of dinoflagellates within three antipatharian colonies. 
  • 953
  • 02 Dec 2021
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