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Topic Review
Serotonin 2B (HTR2B) Receptor in Human Uveal Melanoma
Uveal melanoma (UM) remains the most common intraocular malignancy among diseases affecting the adult eye. The primary tumor disseminates to the liver in half of patients and leads to a 6 to 12-month survival rate, making UM a particularly aggressive type of cancer. 
  • 509
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Heavy Metals-Induced Oxidative Stress in Poultry
Oxidative stress in chickens caused by dietary, environmental, and pathological variables influences how well chickens perform as well as the quality of meat and eggs. Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are two examples of heavy metals that are harmful for chicken health. They can cause oxidative stress by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and blocking antioxidants from protecting cells from increased amounts of free radicals. The oxidative state of heavy metals, their interactions with endogenous antioxidants, and chemical processes all affect how hazardous they are to the body. 
  • 509
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Blanford's Fox
Blanford's Fox (Vulpes cana) is a captivating small carnivore found in arid and semi-arid regions of the Middle East and South Asia. Recognizable for its distinctive large ears and sandy-colored fur, this fox species is well-adapted to its desert habitat. Despite its elusive nature, Blanford's Fox plays a vital role in its ecosystem as a predator of small mammals and birds, contributing to the balance of desert food webs.
  • 509
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Bacillus coagulans in Animal Husbandry
In recent decades, probiotics have attracted widespread attention and their application in healthcare and animal husbandry has been promising. Among many probiotics, Bacillus coagulans (B. coagulans) has become a key player in the field of probiotics in recent years. It has been demonstrated to be involved in regulating the balance of the intestinal microbiota, promoting metabolism and utilization of nutrients, improving immunity, and more importantly, it also has good industrial properties such as high temperature resistance, acid resistance, bile resistance, and the like.
  • 508
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Agricultural Aspects of Multidrug Resistance
Antimicrobial multidrug-resistance (MDR) is an indirect consequence of large-scale and non-professional applications of previously powerful antibiotics, leading to the situation in which the lifesaving role of antibiotics has gradually become diminished. MDR has become not only a global public health concern, but also a challenge for sustainable agriculture and plant health management problems.
  • 508
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Design on TPMS Porous Structure
To solve the mismatch between the comprehensive mechanical properties of the spinal fusion cage and body, a fusion cage inner hole design method based on controllable TPMS-P to characterize the inner hole structure is proposed to solve the related problems. 
  • 508
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Coenzyme Q in Disease
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a key component of the respiratory chain of all eukaryotic cells. Its function is closely related to mitochondrial respiration, where it acts as an electron transporter. However, the cellular functions of coenzyme Q are multiple: it is present in all cell membranes, limiting the toxic effect of free radicals, it is a component of LDL, it is involved in the aging process, and its deficiency is linked to several diseases. 
  • 508
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Farming Systems
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) spread rapidly across the globe, leading to global health emergencies and measures to curb the spread of the disease, which caused sharp declines in business activities, loss of employment and income and inevitable economic crises. COVID-19 restrictions on the international and domestic movement of people and economic activities have also had direct and far-reaching impacts on global food systems. Loss of income and the associated decline of purchasing power reduced the ability of people to access food, resulting in the decline of dietary diversity and consumption of nutrient-rich foods, disrupting agricultural input markets and threatening food production. COVID-19 could push millions of people to starvation and give rise to a global hunger pandemic [5] and potential social unrest. There are concerns that impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic may reverse the progress made in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), so a sustainable post-pandemic recovery is therefore key.
  • 507
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
River Buffalo Meat
Buffaloes are reared for different purposes, primarily for milk and dairy products. Meat is often a secondary product and mainly derives from old animals at the end of their productive or working life. However, in recent years buffalo meat has gained increased popularity due to its nutritional properties. Therefore, a huge economic potential might arise from the development of the meat sector in buffalo breeding. This entry provides an overview of the recent advances in the knowledge on river buffalo meat, with a special focus on quality traits, and offers insights for future research aimed at improving the meat sector in this species. 
  • 507
  • 07 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms in Peach Post-Harvest Ripening
Peach post-harvest ripening is a complex developmental process controlled by a plethora of genetic and epigenetic factors. It leads to protein, lipid and nucleic acid degradation, all resulting in cell death.
  • 507
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Preclinical Urethral Tissue Engineering Studies
While the reasons the positive results obtained in preclinical studies for urethral repair have not been reproduced in the subsequent clinical trials are complex, poorly designed experiments and a lack of quality in reporting might be some of the main reasons that hinder clinical translation. However, the quality of reporting in preclinical urethral tissue engineering studies remains unclear. Moreover, it is unknown if the quality of reporting has improved as a consequence of the introduction of the ARRIVE guidelines.
  • 507
  • 10 Sep 2021
Topic Review
New sdRNA LBC Helper Virus from Killer Yeasts
The T. delbrueckii Kbarr2 killer strain contains two M killer viruses (Mbarr1 and M1) and a LBC virus (TdV-LBCbarr2), which has helper capability to maintain both M viruses. The genomes of TdV-LBCbarr1 and TdV-LBCbarr2 were characterized by high-throughput sequencing (HTS). Both RNA genomes share sequence identity and similar organization with their ScV-LBC counterparts. They contain all conserved motifs required for translation, packaging, and replication of viral RNA. Their Gag-Pol amino-acid sequences also contain the features required for cap-snatching and RNA polymerase activity. However, some of these motifs and features are similar to those of LA viruses, which may explain that at least TdV-LBCbarr2 has a helper ability to maintain M killer viruses. 
  • 507
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review Video
Successful Experiences from Global Spread of Conservation Agriculture
Since 2008/2009, Conservation Agriculture (CA) cropland area has been expanding globally at an annual rate of more than 10 M ha per year. In 2015/2016, the total CA cropland area was 180.4 M ha, corresponding to 12.5% of global cropland area. In 2018/2019, the total cropland area was 205.4 M ha, corresponding to 14.7% of global cropland area. The spread of CA has been expanding in Asia, Africa, and Europe in recent years because farmers are becoming better organized in working together and networking. More attention and resources are being allocated by stakeholders towards supporting farmers to adopt CA and in generating new knowledge to improve their performance.
  • 506
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Choroidal Abnormalities in Pediatric NF1
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disease affecting approximately 1 in 2500–3000 individuals. Choroidal abnormalities (CAs) have recently been introduced as one of the criteria for the diagnosis of NF1. In NF1 pediatric patients, CAs change with time, increasing both in number and dimensions, independently from the physiological growth of the eye. While the increase of the CAs number occurs particularly at an earlier age, the increase in the CAs dimensions is a slow process that remains constant during childhood.
  • 505
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
SlHB8 in Stem Development and Lignin Biosynthesis
The stem is an important organ in supporting plant body, transporting nutrients and communicating signals for plant growing. However, studies on the regulation of stem development in tomato are rather limited. Authors demonstrated that SlHB8 negatively regulated tomato stem development. SlHB8 belongs to homeo domain-leucine zipper Class III gene family transcription factors and expressed in all the organs examined including root, stem, leaves, flower, and fruit. During tomato stems development, SlHB displayed stable high expression level. Loss of function of SlHB8 induced stem diameter and xylem width, while overexpression of SlHB8 displayed opposite trend. Besides, inducing the expression level of SlHB8 resulted in lower lignin content as well as the expression level of lignin biosynthesis pathway genes both in tomato stem and leaves. In addition, lots of disease resistance genes were found differentially expressed in the SlHB8 transgenic plants indicating a possible role of SlHB8 in the biotic resistance pathway. Overall, SlHB8 acts as a negative regulator in stem development and lignin biosynthesis and has a potential role in the abiotic and biotic resistance pathway.
  • 505
  • 21 Dec 2021
Topic Review
β-Defensin in Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Most defensins are cationic antimicrobial peptides with broad-spectrum killing activity against bacteria, fungi and enveloped viruses. However, it should be recognized that there are some non-cationic β-defensins in organisms, which need to be further studied. In this study, a new spliced isoform of anionic β-defensin from flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus, fBD) was identified, and its antibiosis, chemotaxis and modulation of phagocytosis were examined. In addition, the contributions of fBD to the antimicrobial activity of extracellular traps (ETs) were also analyzed. The recombinant fBD (rfBD) could effectively inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, Micrococcus luteus) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, V. alginolyticus, V. anguillarum).
  • 505
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Housing Conditions Determine Pigs Welfare
Humans who care for pigs prefer an environment that not only allows the pigs to express their natural behaviors but also limits the development of aggression and stereotypes. Most of the behavioral and health problems encountered by pigs in barren, conventional conditions are solved by alternative housing systems. 
  • 505
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Chinese Mountain Cat
The Chinese Mountain Cat (Felis bieti) is a small wild felid species native to the high-altitude regions of central China. Characterized by its distinctive grayish-brown fur, black-spotted coat, and bushy tail, this elusive feline is adapted to the harsh mountainous environments of the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas. Despite its status as one of the least studied wild cats, the Chinese Mountain Cat plays a crucial role in its ecosystem as a predator of small mammals and birds, highlighting the importance of conservation efforts to protect its fragile habitat.
  • 504
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Soybean Resistance to Soybean Cyst Nematode
Plant pathogens greatly impact food security of the ever-growing human population. Breeding resistant crops is one of the most sustainable strategies to overcome the negative effects of these biotic stressors. In order to efficiently breed for resistant plants, the specific plant–pathogen interactions should be understood. Soybean is a short-day legume that is a staple in human food and animal feed due to its high nutritional content. Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is a major soybean stressor infecting soybean worldwide including in China, Brazil, Argentina, USA and Canada. There are many Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) conferring resistance to SCN that have been identified; however, only two are widely used: rhg1 and Rhg4. Overuse of cultivars containing these QTLs/genes can lead to SCN resistance breakdown, necessitating the use of additional strategies.
  • 504
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Yellow-throated Marten
The Yellow-throated Marten (Martes flavigula) is a charismatic and agile carnivore native to the forests of Asia, including parts of India, Southeast Asia, and China. With its distinctive yellow throat patch and sleek fur, this arboreal mustelid is known for its elusive nature and remarkable climbing abilities. As a versatile predator, the Yellow-throated Marten preys on a variety of small mammals, birds, insects, and fruits, playing a vital role in forest ecosystems as both a predator and a seed disperser.
  • 503
  • 15 Mar 2024
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