Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Qiuwei Zhang
 + 2445 word(s) 2445 2021-09-28 06:07:20

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Zhang, Q. Bioprospecting Desert Plants. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/14796 (accessed on 26 December 2024).
Zhang Q. Bioprospecting Desert Plants. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/14796. Accessed December 26, 2024.
Zhang, Qiuwei. "Bioprospecting Desert Plants" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/14796 (accessed December 26, 2024).
Zhang, Q. (2021, October 01). Bioprospecting Desert Plants. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/14796
Zhang, Qiuwei. "Bioprospecting Desert Plants." Encyclopedia. Web. 01 October, 2021.
Bioprospecting Desert Plants
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/biology10100961

In deserts, endophytic microbes help plants thrive in dry, nutrient-poor soils by increasing nitrogen and phosphorus availability and alleviating stress caused by heat, inadequate moisture, and pathogen attack. These desert endophytes can be isolated from their hosts and then placed into non-native hosts, such as crop plants, in order to confer similar benefits to their new hosts. Screening desert plants for beneficial endophytes allows for the discovery of new biofertilizers and biocontrol agents that may be especially helpful in arid regions or farmland areas experiencing increasing  drought frequency due to climate change. 

endophytes biostimulant microbes plant–microbe interactions climate change desert plants

1. Introduction

Deserts present unique challenges for plant growth and survival. Infrequent and unpredictable precipitation, combined with high rates of evapotranspiration, results in dry surface soils with high salt concentrations [1]. In addition to being salty, desert soils are often nutrient poor, lacking in biologically accessible nitrogen and phosphorus [2][3]. The formation of “desert pavements” on top of desert soils reduces water penetration [4] and deters plant growth [5]. Air temperatures in deserts can fluctuate dramatically, sometimes by as much as 38 °C in the span of a day [6]. Overall, deserts are hostile environments for most plants, yet certain plant families have evolved to survive in deserts.

In addition to physical adaptations (such as CAM photosynthesis and modified leaf structures) that allow them to thrive in dry, nutrient-poor soils, desert plants also take advantage of microbial endophytes. Endophytes are defined as microbes that colonize plant tissues without causing apparent harm to their hosts [7]. They can be found in all land plants and are often required to maintain the health of their plant hosts [8]. Some endophytes are culturable in vitro, but many cannot be cultured outside of their specific host tissues [9][10]. Endophytes that can be cultured in vitro can be transferred from their source host into a compatible secondary host to provide similar benefits [11][12]. The agriculture industry in particular uses endophyte inoculants for commercial purposes as biostimulants and biocontrol agents [13][14][15][16]. However, despite the commercial and scientific interest in endophytes, not much research has been performed on the endophytes of wild plants, and even less research has been performed on the endophytes of wild desert plants.

Desert plants may serve as an untapped source of novel endophytes for use in agriculture, especially in arid farming areas where water and soil nutrients are at a premium. Desert endophytes may also have applications worldwide, as global climate changes increasingly subject croplands to abiotic stressors common in deserts. Rising carbon dioxide levels are expected to result in longer and more severe instances of drought, including instances of agricultural drought, which is characterized by decreases in soil moisture that negatively affect crop growth [17][18][19]. Likewise, instances of abnormally heavy rains and flooding are also expected to increase [20][21]. In addition, calls for reduced applications of chemical fertilizers, which are known to contaminate water sources by means of leaching and runoff [22][23][24], will lead to reduced soil nutrient levels that will require more efficient uptake by crops. The application of desert plant endophytes to crops may serve to alleviate some of the problems that the agricultural industry must contend with, both currently and in the future, though special care should be given to ensure that these endophytes will synergize with the new hosts’ native microbiomes. A switch from agrochemicals to microbe-based alternatives would also have the added benefit of public support, as evidenced by the increasing consumer demand for organic-certified foods [25][26][27] and the increasingly negative perceptions of chemical pesticides [28][29][30].

2. Microbial Endophytes Present in Desert Plants

Identification of the most common genera may help guide researchers who are interested in bioprospecting desert plants for beneficial endophytes. However, it is important to note that the genera mentioned below are composed only of culturable endophytes. There may be many more genera that are common to desert plant microbiomes but are unculturable outside their native host tissue; therefore, they are omitted, as unculturable microbes are of little commercial use as biostimulants and biocontrol agents despite their potential benefits. In addition, it must be mentioned that the diversity of culturable endophytes may not reflect the true diversity of culturable endophytes due to the lack of research on the topic.

A meta-analysis of 12 studies [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] aimed at identifying culturable bacterial endophytes of various desert plants revealed that all isolates belonged to one of four major phyla: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Out of a total of 717 bacterial isolates identified, 47.14% belonged to the phylum Proteobacteria, 26.22% belonged to the phylum Firmicutes, 22.55% belonged to the phylum Actinobacteria and 2.09% belonged to the phylum Bacteroides [43]. Of these four phyla, certain genera appear to be much more common than others. The most common Proteobacteria is Pseudomonas, comprising of 15.68% of all Proteobacteria isolates, but other genera, such as Acinetobacter and Gluconobacter, also appear at similar frequencies. The most common Firmicutes is Bacillus, comprising of 78.72% of all Firmicutes isolates. The most common Actinobacteria is Microbacterium, comprising of 51.70% of all Actinobacteria isolates. The very limited number of culturable isolates belonging to phylum Bacteroides makes it difficult to estimate what the most common genus is.

A meta-analysis of 7 studies [44][45][46][47][48][49][50] aimed at identifying culturable fungal endophytes of various desert plants revealed that 88.73% of the isolates belonged to the phylum Ascomycetes, 9.68% were sterile forms, 0.83% belonged to the phylum Zygomycota, and 0.75% belonged to the phylum Basidiomycota [43]. A majority of ascomycete endophytes are members of the Pezizomycotina, with a few belonging to the Saccharomycotina and 5 with uncertain taxonomy. All of the Basidiomycete endophytes are members of the Agaricomycotina and Pucciniomycotina. All of the Zygomycete endophytes are members of the Mucoromycotina. Delving down to the genus level, certain genera appear to dominate each class of fungi. The most common Dothideomycetes are Alternaria and Phoma are the most common genera, comprising of 30.75% and 28.68% of all Dothideomycetes isolates, respectively. The most common Sordariomycete is Fusarium, comprising 27.01% of all Sordariomycetes isolates. The most common Eurotiomycete is Penicillium comprising 71.28% of all Eurotiomycetes isolates. Due to the small number of isolates obtained for the other classes of fungi, it is unknown if any dominant genera exist.

It is possible that the ability of desert endophytes to confer benefits to their hosts is not determined by their taxonomy, but rather by the expression of certain genes related to biotic and abiotic stress resistance. Further studies on the transcriptomes and metabolomes of desert endophytes would help tease out important genes that are common between beneficial desert endophytes.

3. Effects on Nutrient Acquisition

Plants require a variety of nutrients to support their growth and development, the most important of which are nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen and phosphorus are considered to be limiting factors for crop growth, hence why nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers are commonly used in agriculture. However, heavy usage and reliance on these fertilizers has resulted in nonpoint pollution of surface waters via leaching and runoff [51][52], which damages aquatic ecosystems [52][53][54] and present dangers to humans who rely on or come into contact with contaminated waters [52][55][56]. In order to reduce the impact of agriculture on the surrounding ecosystems, researchers have been trying to find environmentally friendly alternatives for supplying nitrogen and phosphorus to crops. One area of focus has been on endophytic microbes, which may be able to reduce a crop’s external nitrogen and phosphorus needs. Desert soils are naturally deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus, which may select for endophytes that allow their hosts to use available nutrients more efficiently or acquire them from novel sources.

Many species and strains of the most commonly found desert plant bacterial endophytes (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes) have the capability to be nitrogen fixers [57]. The nitrogen-fixing ability of the most common genus of bacterial endophytes, Bacillus, has been well documented amongst certain species, namely B. polymyxa, B. macerans, and B. azotofixans [58][59][60]. The second most common genus of bacterial endophytes, Pseudomonas, has also been shown to have nitrogen-fixing members, namely P. stutzeri [61][62][63]. Less common endophytes, such as Klebsiella [64] and Pantoea [65] may possess nitrogen-fixing capabilities as well. Indeed, diazotrophic Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Klebsiella, as well as Acinetobacter, Cronobacter, Enterobacter, Enterococcus and Leuconostoc, have been found in Agave tequiliana [37]. However, the most interesting and potentially beneficial diazotrophic endophytes are likely to be found in pioneer plants that colonize disturbed areas, particular areas with low amounts of soil.

Phosphate-mobilizing microbes have also been found within plants as endophytes. Generally, phosphate-solubilizing bacterial endophytes belong to the Firmicutes or Proteobacteria phyla; examples include Pseudomonas [66], Burkholderia and Rahnella [67], Bacillus [68][69], and Enterobacter and Pantoea [69]. Most phosphate-solubilizing fungal endophytes are ascomycetes, though some may be basidiomycetes. Examples of ascomycete phosphate solubilizers include Penicillium [70][71], Trichoderma [72], Aspergillus , and Fusarium and Humicola [73]. An example of a basidiomycete phosphate solubilizer is Piriformospora [71]. All of the above genera, with the exception of Humicola, have been found as endophytic microbes in desert plants [43].

Nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing endophytes may be especially abundant in pioneer plants.  Research performed on the roots of two pioneer plants – the cardon cactus Pachycereus pringlei and the cactus Mammillaria fraileana – revealed strains of endophytic bacteria that were able to fix nitrogen, even though the roots themselves contained no nodules [36][40][65][74]. The cacti used in these studies grow in areas where very little, if any, soil is present, so it is unlikely that they are relying on soil nitrates to fulfill their nitrogen needs, suggesting that the two cacti obtain their nitrogen from other sources, likely their diazotrophic endophytes. In addition, these two cacti also had endophytic bacteria that could weather rocks and solubilize inroganic phosphates.

4. Effects on Abiotic Stress Resistance

Due to climate change agricultural regions are experiencing greater and greater frequencies of drought [18]. Plants growing under drought conditions must contend with a combination of water stress, heat stress, and salt stress, all of which negatively impact crop productivity and yields. These effects are compounded by water scarcity, especially in areas where water usage is mismanaged or where water sources are overexploited [75][76]. The ballooning global population will only accelerate the increases in demand and decreases in supply of freshwater [77] and force nations to plant and grow crops to in suboptimal conditions to meet food demands [78][79][80]. The development of crop adaption mechanisms against drought stress and heat stress will become ever more important as time goes on. Currently, the agricultural industry develops and utilizes drought-resistant cultivars to reduce the impacts of drought on yields, but the introduction of drought- and heat-resistant microbiomes into crops could also be considered as a supplement to breeding for resistance.

The available research on endophyte-based alleviation of drought and heat stress has shown that both bacterial and fungal endophytes have the ability to induce drought and heat resistance in crop hosts. Eke et al. [35] transferred endophytic bacteria from the cactus Euphorbia trigonas Mill to tomatoes, resulting in improved plantlet response to water stress. Zahra, Hamedi & Mahdigholi [81] inoculated sunflowers with Streptomyces spp. isolated from Pteropyrum olivieri, which increased seedling tolerance to drought stress.

Some research shows that desert endophytes, particularly bacterial endophytes, were able to improve host response to salt stress when inoculated into glycophytes. Trials on Arabidopsis thaliana showed that inoculation with Bacillus [39], Enterobacter [82], and Athrobacter, Pantoea, and Microbacterium [32] isolates from various desert plants showed improved resistance to salt stress and improved growth compared to non-inoculated controls. Bacillus spp. were shown to alleviate salt stress in tomatoes as well [83]. In addition, Streptomyces spp. isolated from Pteropyrum olivieri increased sunflower seedling tolerance to salt stress [81]. Bacillus, Enterobacter, Pantoea, Microbacterium and Streptomyces are all common bacterial endophytes of desert plants [43], suggesting that more salt-resistance-conferring bacterial endophytes are yet to be discovered. In terms of fungi, a cross-taxonomic group of fungi referred to as dark septate endophytes have been shown to alleviate the symptoms of salt stress in glycophytes as well [84]. However, it is important to note that only some of the above endophytes are able to promote host growth in normal conditions [85][81], while others are only able to promote host growth in saline environments [41][85][84].

5. Effects on Biotic Stress Resistance

While deserts are generally known for their abiotic stressors, biotic stressors are still present. Pathogens such as Texas root rot (Phymatotrichopsis omnivora) and pests such as desert locusts exert selection pressure on native desert plants to acquire sources of resistance, such as endophytes, against their antagonists. Learning more about the endophytic microbiome of desert plants may allow researchers to find beneficial endophytes that can be used to adapt crops to biotic stressors unique to desert habitats, and perhaps to biotic stressors outside of deserts.

The lack of water and nutrients in desert soils likely encourages symbiotic interactions between plants and microbes, particularly in the rhizosphere and root endophytic compartments. However, desert plants are still subject to pathogen attacks, even if such instances of such attacks may not be well documented in the wild. For instance, Texas root rot is a fungal pathogen that inhabits the alkaline desert soils of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico which can attack a variety of plants, mainly dicots [86]. Native desert dicots such as prickly pear cacti, desert willow, and palo verde are notably tolerant of the disease, perhaps partially due to the presence of their endophytes. Such disease pressure is likely present in other desert environments and researching the disease resistance capabilities of desert plants may produce novel solutions for growing non-native crops in desert environments that contain potent pathogens.

Several instances of desert endophytes conferring resistance to fungal pathogens have already been reported. Endophytic P. indica from the Thar Desert increased barley resistance to root pathogens [87], while Bacillus and Enterobacter from Thymus vulgarius in Egyptian deserts increased tomato resistance to Fusarium oxysporum [83].

According to the resource availability hypothesis (RAH), plants with low growth rates due to poor resource availability invest more into anti-herbivory defenses [88]. Deserts are some of the most resource-poor environments on Earth and contain some of the slowest growing plants on the planet, so desert plants should have many defenses against herbivores in accordance with the RAH. However, some suspect that broad-host-range endophytes, like those found in desert plants, may encourage herbivory in order to transmit spores and hyphae to new hosts [89][90][91]. If it is found that desert endophytes, or at least a subset of them, can deter herbivory while still able to colonize a large variety of plants, it may be worthwhile to introduce desert endophytes into crop plants to alleviate yield losses from insect damage.

There is evidence to suggest that plant resistance to insect damage is increased by the presence of both bacterial [92] and fungal [93][94] endophytes. Some studies on fungal desert endophytes demonstrate that they are able to increase host resistance and tolerance to herbivory: P. indica from the Thar Desert increases plant tolerance to root herbivory [95] and an Epichloë endophyte from a grass from the Sonoran Desert reduces seed harvesting by leaf cutter ants [96]. Unfortunately, there appears to be no studies regarding bacterial desert endophytes and their effect on herbivory.

References

  1. A. P. B.; Burton Edward Livingston; The Relation of Desert Plants to Soil Moisture and to Evaporation. Bulletin of the American Geographical Society 1908, 41, 398, 10.2307/200261.
  2. Neil E. West.; J.O. Klemmedson. Structural distribution of nitrogen in desert ecosystems; Neil E. West; John Skujin̦š, Eds.; Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross : Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, 1978; pp. 1-16.
  3. Kate Lajtha; William H. Schlesinger; The Biogeochemistry of Phosphorus Cycling and Phosphorus Availability Along a Desert Soil Chronosequence. Ecology 1988, 69, 24-39, 10.2307/1943157.
  4. Athol D. Abrahams; Anthony J. Parsons; Relation between infiltration and stone cover on a semiarid hillslope, southern Arizona. Journal of Hydrology 1991, 122, 49-59, 10.1016/0022-1694(91)90171-d.
  5. S.D. Smith; C.A. Herr; K.L. Leary; J.M. Piorkowski; Soil-plant water relations in a Mojave Desert mixed shrubcommunity: a comparison of three geomorphic surfaces. Journal of Arid Environments 1995, 29, 339-351, 10.1016/s0140-1963(05)80113-2.
  6. Thomas T. Warner. Desert Meteorology; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2009; pp. 7-52.
  7. Dennis Wilson; Endophyte: The Evolution of a Term, and Clarification of Its Use and Definition. Oikos 1995, 73, 274, 10.2307/3545919.
  8. Pablo R. Hardoim; Leonard S. van Overbeek; Gabriele Berg; Anna Maria Pirttilä; Stéphane Compant; Andrea Campisano; Matthias Döring; Angela Sessitsch; The Hidden World within Plants: Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations for Defining Functioning of Microbial Endophytes. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 2015, 79, 293-320, 10.1128/mmbr.00050-14.
  9. Thomas Hurek; Linda L. Handley; Barbara Reinhold-Hurek; Yves Piché; Azoarcus Grass Endophytes Contribute Fixed Nitrogen to the Plant in an Unculturable State. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 2002, 15, 233-242, 10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.3.233.
  10. Paola Pereira; Fernando Ibáñez; Mónica Rosenblueth; Miriam Etcheverry; Esperanza Martínez-Romero; Analysis of the Bacterial Diversity Associated with the Roots of Maize (Zea mays L.) through Culture-Dependent and Culture-Independent Methods. ISRN Ecology 2011, 2011, 1-10, 10.5402/2011/938546.
  11. V.L. Divan Baldani; J. I. Baldani; J. Döbereiner; Inoculation of rice plants with the endophytic diazotrophs Herbaspirillum seropedicae and Burkholderia spp.. Biology and Fertility of Soils 2000, 30, 485-491, 10.1007/s003740050027.
  12. Satish K. Verma; Kathryn L. Kingsley; Marshall S. Bergen; Kurt P. Kowalski; James F. White; Fungal Disease Prevention in Seedlings of Rice (Oryza sativa) and Other Grasses by Growth-Promoting Seed-Associated Endophytic Bacteria from Invasive Phragmites australis. Microorganisms 2018, 6, 21, 10.3390/microorganisms6010021.
  13. A.V Sturz; J Nowak; Endophytic communities of rhizobacteria and the strategies required to create yield enhancing associations with crops. Applied Soil Ecology 2000, 15, 183-190, 10.1016/s0929-1393(00)00094-9.
  14. Luis Mejia; Enith I. Rojas; Zuleyka Maynard; Sunshine Van Bael; A. Elizabeth Arnold; Prakash Hebbar; Gary J. Samuels; Nancy Robbins; Edward Allen Herre; Endophytic fungi as biocontrol agents of Theobroma cacao pathogens. Biological Control 2008, 46, 4-14, 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.01.012.
  15. Patrick H Brown; Sebastian Saa; Biostimulants in agriculture. Frontiers in Plant Science 2015, 6, 671, 10.3389/fpls.2015.00671.
  16. James F. White; Xiaoqian Chang; Kathryn L. Kingsley; Qiuwei Zhang; Peerapol Chiaranunt; April Micci; Fernando Velazquez; Matthew Elmore; Sharron Crane; Shanjia Li; et al.Jiaxin LuMaría Carmen MolinaNatalia González-BenítezMiguel J. Beltrán-GarcíaKurt P. Kowalski Endophytic bacteria in grass crop growth promotion and biostimulation. Grass Research 2020, 1, 1-9, 10.48130/gr-2021-0005.
  17. Aiguo Dai; Drought under global warming: a review. WIREs Climate Change 2010, 2, 45-65, 10.1002/wcc.81.
  18. Kevin E. Trenberth; Aiguo Dai; Gerard Van Der Schrier; Philip Jones; Jonathan Barichivich; Keith Briffa; Justin Sheffield; Global warming and changes in drought. Nature Climate Change 2013, 4, 17-22, 10.1038/nclimate2067.
  19. Guiling Wang; Agricultural drought in a future climate: results from 15 global climate models participating in the IPCC 4th assessment. Climate Dynamics 2005, 25, 739-753, 10.1007/s00382-005-0057-9.
  20. O.B. Christensen; J.H. Christensen; Intensification of extreme European summer precipitation in a warmer climate. Global and Planetary Change 2004, 44, 107-117, 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.06.013.
  21. L. Alfieri; P. Burek; L. Feyen; G. Forzieri; Global warming increases the frequency of river floods in Europe. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 2015, 19, 2247-2260, 10.5194/hess-19-2247-2015.
  22. Bo Sun; Linxiu Zhang; Linzhang Yang; Fusuo Zhang; David Norse; Zhaoliang Zhu; Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution in China: Causes and Mitigation Measures. Ambio 2012, 41, 370-379, 10.1007/s13280-012-0249-6.
  23. George R. Hallberg; Pesticides pollution of groundwater in the humid United States. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 1989, 26, 299-367, 10.1016/0167-8809(89)90017-0.
  24. Vladimir Novotny; Diffuse pollution from agriculture - a worldwide outlook. Water Science and Technology 1999, 39, 1-13, 10.2166/wst.1999.0124.
  25. Organic Market Summary and Trends . Economic Researche Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2021-9-29
  26. European organic market grew to 40.7 billion euros in 2018 . Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau FiBL. Retrieved 2021-9-29
  27. Jyoti Rana; Justin Paul; Consumer behavior and purchase intention for organic food: A review and research agenda. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 2017, 38, 157-165, 10.1016/j.jretconser.2017.06.004.
  28. J. N. McNeil; P.-A. Cotnoir; T. Leroux; R. Laprade; J.-L. Schwartz; A Canadian national survey on the public perception of biological control. BioControl 2010, 55, 445-454, 10.1007/s10526-010-9273-2.
  29. Severine Koch; Astrid Epp; Mark Lohmann; Gaby-Fleur Böl; Pesticide Residues in Food: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Misconceptions among Conventional and Organic Consumers. Journal of Food Protection 2017, 80, 2083-2089, 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-104.
  30. Rita Saleh; Angela Bearth; Michael Siegrist; How chemophobia affects public acceptance of pesticide use and biotechnology in agriculture. Food Quality and Preference 2021, 91, 104197, 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104197.
  31. Soumitra Paul Chowdhury; Michael Schmid; Anton Hartmann; Anil Kumar Tripathi; Identification of Diazotrophs in the Culturable Bacterial Community Associated with Roots of Lasiurus sindicus, a Perennial Grass of Thar Desert, India. Microbial Ecology 2007, 54, 82-90, 10.1007/s00248-006-9174-1.
  32. Muneera D. F. Alkahtani; Amr Fouda; Kotb A. Attia; Fahad Al-Otaibi; Ahmed M. Eid; Emad El-Din Ewais; Mohamed Hijri; Marc St-Arnaud; Saad El-Din Hassan; Naeem Khan; et al.Yaser M. HafezKhaled A. A. Abdelaal Isolation and Characterization of Plant Growth Promoting Endophytic Bacteria from Desert Plants and Their Application as Bioinoculants for Sustainable Agriculture. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1325, 10.3390/agronomy10091325.
  33. Hanene Cherif; Ramona Marasco; Eleonora Rolli; Raoudha Ferjani; Marco Fusi; Asma Soussi; Francesca Mapelli; Ikram Blilou; Sara Borin; Abdellatif Boudabous; et al.Ameur CherifDaniele DaffonchioHadda Ouzari Oasis desert farming selects environment-specific date palm root endophytic communities and cultivable bacteria that promote resistance to drought. Environmental Microbiology Reports 2015, 7, 668-678, 10.1111/1758-2229.12304.
  34. Abdul Aziz Eida; Hanin S. Alzubaidy; Axel de Zelicourt; Lukáš Synek; Wiam Alsharif; Feras Lafi; Heribert Hirt; Maged Saad; Phylogenetically diverse endophytic bacteria from desert plants induce transcriptional changes of tissue-specific ion transporters and salinity stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Science 2018, 280, 228-240, 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.12.002.
  35. Pierre Eke; Aundy Kumar; Kuleshwar Prasad Sahu; Louise Nana Wakam; Neelam Sheoran; Mushineni Ashajyothi; Asharani Patel; Fabrice Boyom Fekam; Endophytic bacteria of desert cactus (Euphorbia trigonas Mill) confer drought tolerance and induce growth promotion in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Microbiological Research 2019, 228, 126302, 10.1016/j.micres.2019.126302.
  36. Blanca R. Lopez; Yoav Bashan; Macario Bacilio; Endophytic bacteria of Mammillaria fraileana, an endemic rock-colonizing cactus of the southern Sonoran Desert. Archives of Microbiology 2011, 193, 527-541, 10.1007/s00203-011-0695-8.
  37. Julia Del C. Martínez-Rodríguez; Marcela De La Mora-Amutio; Luis A. Plascencia-Correa; Esmeralda Audelo-Regalado; Francisco R. Guardado; Elías Hernández-Sánchez; Yuri Jorge Peña-Ramirez; Adelfo Escalante; Miguel J. Beltrán-García; Tetsuya Ogura; et al. Cultivable endophytic bacteria from leaf bases of Agave tequilana and their role as plant growth promoters. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 2014, 45, 1333-1339, 10.1590/s1517-83822014000400025.
  38. Amira L. Hanna; Hanan H. Youssef; Wafaa M. Amer; Mohammed Monib; Mohammed Fayez; Nabil A. Hegazi; Diversity of bacteria nesting the plant cover of north Sinai deserts, Egypt. Journal of Advanced Research 2012, 4, 13-26, 10.1016/j.jare.2011.11.003.
  39. Drora Kaplan; Maskit Maymon; Christina M. Agapakis; Andrew Lee; Andrew Wang; Barry A. Prigge; Mykola Volkogon; Ann M. Hirsch; A survey of the microbial community in the rhizosphere of two dominant shrubs of the Negev Desert highlands,Zygophyllum dumosum(Zygophyllaceae) andAtriplex halimus(Amaranthaceae), using cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent methods. American Journal of Botany 2013, 100, 1713-1725, 10.3732/ajb.1200615.
  40. M. Esther Puente; Ching Y. Li; Yoav Bashan; Rock-degrading endophytic bacteria in cacti. Environmental and Experimental Botany 2009, 66, 389-401, 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.04.010.
  41. Ameerah Bokhari; Magbubah Essack; Feras F. Lafi; Cristina Andres-Barrao; Rewaa Jalal; Soha AlAmoudi; Rozaimi Razali; Hanin Alzubaidy; Kausar H. Shah; Shahid Siddique; et al.Vladimir B. BajicHeribert HirtMaged M. Saad Bioprospecting desert plant Bacillus endophytic strains for their potential to enhance plant stress tolerance. Scientific Reports 2019, 9, 1-13, 10.1038/s41598-019-54685-y.
  42. Bahig El-Deeb; Khalaf Fayez; Youssuf Gherbawy; Isolation and characterization of endophytic bacteria fromPlectranthus tenuiflorusmedicinal plant in Saudi Arabia desert and their antimicrobial activities. Journal of Plant Interactions 2013, 8, 56-64, 10.1080/17429145.2012.680077.
  43. Qiuwei Zhang; James F. White; Bioprospecting Desert Plants for Endophytic and Biostimulant Microbes: A Strategy for Enhancing Agricultural Production in a Hotter, Drier Future. Biology 2021, 10, 961, 10.3390/biology10100961.
  44. P.J. Fisher; B.C. Sutton; L.E. Petrini; O. Petrini; Fungal endophytes from Opuntia stricta: A first report. Nova Hedwigia 1995, 59, 195-200.
  45. Alice F. Silva-Hughes; David E. Wedge; Charles L. Cantrell; Camila R. Carvalho; Zhiqiang Pan; Rita M. Moraes; Victor L. Madoxx; Luiz H. Rosa; Diversity and antifungal activity of the endophytic fungi associated with the native medicinal cactus Opuntia humifusa (Cactaceae) from the United States. Microbiological Research 2015, 175, 67-77, 10.1016/j.micres.2015.03.007.
  46. Andrea Porras-Alfaro; Srivathsan Raghavan; Margaret Garcia; Robert L. Sinsabaugh; Donald O. Natvig; Timothy K. Lowrey; Endophytic fungal symbionts associated with gypsophilous plants. Botany 2014, 92, 295-301, 10.1139/cjb-2013-0178.
  47. Praveen Gehlot; N.K. Bohra; D.K. Purohit; Endophytic mycoflora of inner bark of Prosopis cineraria—A key stone tree species of Indian desert. American-Eurasian Journal of Botany 2008, 1, 1-4.
  48. M. González-Teuber; C. Vilo; L. Bascuñán-Godoy; Molecular characterization of endophytic fungi associated with the roots of Chenopodium quinoa inhabiting the Atacama Desert, Chile. Genomics Data 2017, 11, 109-112, 10.1016/j.gdata.2016.12.015.
  49. Jadson Diogo Pereira Bezerra; Marília G. S. Santos; Renan N. Barbosa; Virgínia M. Svedese; Débora M. M. Lima; Maria José S. Fernandes; Bruno S. Gomes; Laura M. Paiva; Jarcilene S. Almeida-Cortez; Cristina M. Souza-Motta; et al. Fungal endophytes from cactus Cereus jamacaru in Brazilian tropical dry forest: a first study. Symbiosis 2013, 60, 53-63, 10.1007/s13199-013-0243-1.
  50. Trichur S. Suryanarayanan; Sally K. Wittlinger; Stanley H. Faeth; Endophytic fungi associated with cacti in Arizona. Mycological Research 2005, 109, 635-639, 10.1017/s0953756205002753.
  51. T.H.E Heaton; Isotopic studies of nitrogen pollution in the hydrosphere and atmosphere: A review. Chemical Geology 1986, 59, 87-102, 10.1016/0009-2541(86)90046-x.
  52. S. R. Carpenter; N. F. Caraco; D. L. Correll; R. W. Howarth; A. N. Sharpley; V. H. Smith; Nonpoint Pollution of Surface Waters with Phosphorus and Nitrogen. Ecological Applications 1998, 8, 559-568, 10.2307/2641247.
  53. Julio A. Camargo; Álvaro Alonso; Ecological and toxicological effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatic ecosystems: A global assessment. Environment International 2006, 32, 831-849, 10.1016/j.envint.2006.05.002.
  54. David L. Correll; The Role of Phosphorus in the Eutrophication of Receiving Waters: A Review. Journal of Environmental Quality 1998, 27, 261-266, 10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700020004x.
  55. Patricia M. Gilbert; Sybil Seitzinger; Cynthia A. Heil; Joann M. Burkholder; Matthew W. Parrow; Louis A. Codispoti; Vince Kelly; Eutrophication. Oceanography 2005, 18, 198, 10.1016/b978-0-12-813081-0.00047-1.
  56. Amir H. Wolfe; Jonathan A. Patz; Reactive Nitrogen and Human Health:Acute and Long-term Implications. Ambio 2002, 31, 120-125, 10.1579/0044-7447-31.2.120.
  57. Ray Dixon; Daniel Kahn; Genetic regulation of biological nitrogen fixation. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2004, 2, 621-631, 10.1038/nrmicro954.
  58. Seiichi Hino; P. W. Wilson; NITROGEN FIXATION BY A FACULTATIVE BACILLUS. Journal of Bacteriology 1958, 75, 403-408, 10.1128/jb.75.4.403-408.1958.
  59. L. Seldin; J. D. Van Elsas; E. G. C. Penido; Bacillus azotofixans sp. nov., a Nitrogen-Fixing Species from Brazilian Soils and Grass Roots. International Bulletin of Bacteriological Nomenclature and Taxonomy 1984, 34, 451-456, 10.1099/00207713-34-4-451.
  60. Y. Ding; J. Wang; Y. Liu; S. Chen; Isolation and identification of nitrogen-fixing bacilli from plant rhizospheres in Beijing region. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2005, 99, 1271-1281, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02738.x.
  61. Nicole Desnoues; Min Lin; Xianwu Guo; Luyan Ma; Ricardo Carreño-López; Claudine Elmerich; Nitrogen fixation genetics and regulation in a Pseudomonas stutzeri strain associated with rice. Microbiology 2003, 149, 2251-2262, 10.1099/mic.0.26270-0.
  62. Kouta Hatayama; Satomi Kawai; Hirofumi Shoun; Yasuichi Ueda; Akira Nakamura; Pseudomonas azotifigens sp. nov., a novel nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from a compost pile. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 2005, 55, 1539-1544, 10.1099/ijs.0.63586-0.
  63. Yongliang Yan; Jian Yang; Yuetan Dou; Ming Chen; Shuzhen Ping; Junping Peng; Wei Lu; Wei Zhang; Ziying Yao; Hongquan Li; et al.Sheng HeLizhao GengXiaobing ZhangFan YangHaiying YuYuhua ZhanDanhua LiZhanglin LinYiping WangClaudine ElmerichMin LinQ. Jin Nitrogen fixation island and rhizosphere competence traits in the genome of root-associated Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2008, 105, 7564-7569, 10.1073/pnas.0801093105.
  64. A. Leonardo Iniguez; Yuemei Dong; Eric W. Triplett; Nitrogen Fixation in Wheat Provided by Klebsiella pneumoniae 342. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 2004, 17, 1078-1085, 10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.10.1078.
  65. M. E. Puente; C. Y. Li; Y. Bashan; Microbial Populations and Activities in the Rhizoplane of Rock‐Weathering Desert Plants. II. Growth Promotion of Cactus Seedlings. Plant Biology 2004, 6, 643-650, 10.1055/s-2004-821101.
  66. Nicholas Eotieno; Richard D. Lally; Samuel Ekiwanuka; Andrew Elloyd; David Eryan; Kieran J. Germaine; David N. Dowling; Plant growth promotion induced by phosphate solubilizing endophytic Pseudomonas isolates. Frontiers in Microbiology 2015, 6, 745, 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00745.
  67. Tamas Varga; Kim K. Hixson; Amir H. Ahkami; Andrew W. Sher; Morgan E. Barnes; Rosalie K. Chu; Anil K. Battu; Carrie D. Nicora; Tanya E. Winkler; Loren R. Reno; et al.Sirine C. FakraOlga AntipovaDilworth Y. ParkinsonJackson R. HallSharon L. Doty Endophyte-Promoted Phosphorus Solubilization in Populus. Frontiers in Plant Science 2020, 11, 567918, 10.3389/fpls.2020.567918.
  68. Amanda D.M. Matos; Izabela C.P. Gomes; Silvia Nietsche; Adelica A. Xavier; Wellington S. Gomes; José A. Dos Santos Neto; Marlon C.T. Pereira; Phosphate solubilization by endophytic bacteria isolated from banana trees. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 2017, 89, 2945-2954, 10.1590/0001-3765201720160111.
  69. C.S. De Abreu; J.E.F. Figueiredo; C.A. Oliveira; V.L. Dos Santos; E.A. Gomes; V.P. Ribeiro; B.A. Barros; U.G.P. Lana; I.E. Marriel; Maize endophytic bacteria as mineral phosphate solubilizers. Genetics and Molecular Research 2016, 16, 1-13, 10.4238/gmr16019294.
  70. Priyanka Adhikari; Anita Pandey; Phosphate solubilization potential of endophytic fungi isolated from Taxus wallichiana Zucc. roots. Rhizosphere 2018, 9, 2-9, 10.1016/j.rhisph.2018.11.002.
  71. Ratul Nath; G.D. Sharma; Madhumita Barooah; Efficiency of Tricalcium Phosphate Solubilization by Two Different Endophytic Penicillium sp. Isolated from Tea (Camellia sinensis L.). European Journal of Experimental Biology 2012, 2, 1354-1358.
  72. Paixo Resende Mara; Cristina Mendona Cardoso Jakoby Isabel; Carlos Ramos Dos Santos Luiz; Antnio Soares Marcos; Dionsio Pereira Flvia; Luiz Souchie Edson; Guimares Silva Fabiano; Phosphate solubilization and phytohormone production by endophytic and rhizosphere Trichoderma isolates of guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess). African Journal of Microbiology Research 2014, 8, 2616-2623, 10.5897/ajmr2014.6633.
  73. Ramalingam Radhakrishnan; Abdul Latif Khan; Sang Mo Kang; In-Jung Lee; A comparative study of phosphate solubilization and the host plant growth promotion ability of Fusarium verticillioides RK01 and Humicola sp. KNU01 under salt stress. Annals of Microbiology 2014, 65, 585-593, 10.1007/s13213-014-0894-z.
  74. Blanca R. Lopez; Clara Tinoco-Ojanguren; Macario Bacilio; Alberto Mendoza; Yoav Bashan; Endophytic bacteria of the rock-dwelling cactus Mammillaria fraileana affect plant growth and mobilization of elements from rocks. Environmental and Experimental Botany 2012, 81, 26-36, 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.02.014.
  75. L.S. Pereira; I. Cordery; I. Iacovides; Coping with water scarcity: addressing the challenges. Choice Reviews Online 2009, 47, 47-1437, 10.5860/choice.47-1437.
  76. Jauad El Kharraz; Alaa El-Sadek; Noreddine Ghaffour; Eric Mino; Water scarcity and drought in WANA countries. Procedia Engineering 2012, 33, 14-29, 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.1172.
  77. Malin Falkenmark; Growing water scarcity in agriculture: future challenge to global water security. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 2013, 371, 20120410, 10.1098/rsta.2012.0410.
  78. Arjen Y. Hoekstra; Mesfin Mekonnen; The water footprint of humanity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2012, 109, 3232-3237, 10.1073/pnas.1109936109.
  79. Charles J. Vörösmarty; Pamela Green; Joseph Salisbury; Richard B. Lammers; Global Water Resources: Vulnerability from Climate Change and Population Growth. Science 2000, 289, 284-288, 10.1126/science.289.5477.284.
  80. Nikos Alexandratos; Jelle Bruinsma; World agriculture towards 2030/2050: The 2012 revision. ESA Working Papers 2012, 3, 1-147, 10.22004/ag.econ.288998.
  81. Tamkeen Zahra; Javad Hamedi; Kazem Mahdigholi; Endophytic actinobacteria of a halophytic desert plant Pteropyrum olivieri: promising growth enhancers of sunflower. 3 Biotech 2020, 10, 514, 10.1007/s13205-020-02507-8.
  82. Axel De Zélicourt; Lukas Synek; Maged M. Saad; Hanin Alzubaidy; Rewaa Jalal; Yakun Xie; Cristina Andrés-Barrao; Eleonora Rolli; Florence Guerard; Kiruthiga G. Mariappan; et al.Ihsanullah DaurJean ColcombetMoussa BenhamedThomas DepaepeDominique Van Der StraetenHeribert Hirt Ethylene induced plant stress tolerance by Enterobacter sp. SA187 is mediated by 2‐keto‐4‐methylthiobutyric acid production. PLoS Genetics 2018, 14, e1007273, 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007273.
  83. Osama Abdalla Abdelshafy Mohamad; Jin-Biao Ma; Yong-Hong Liu; Daoyuan Zhang; Shao Hua; Shrikant Bhute; Brian P. Hedlund; Wen-Jun Li; Li Li; Beneficial Endophytic Bacterial Populations Associated With Medicinal Plant Thymus vulgaris Alleviate Salt Stress and Confer Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum. Frontiers in Plant Science 2020, 11, 47, 10.3389/fpls.2020.00047.
  84. Gabriel Castro Farias; Kenya Gonçalves Nunes; Marcos Soares; Kátia Aparecida De Siqueira; William Cardoso Lima; Antônia Leila Rocha Neves; Claudivan Feitosa de Lacerda; Enéas Gomes Filho; Dark septate endophytic fungi mitigate the effects of salt stress on cowpea plants. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 2019, 51, 243-253, 10.1007/s42770-019-00173-4.
  85. Mahdieh S. Hosseyni Moghaddam; Naser Safaie; Jalal Soltani; Niloufar Hagh-Doust; Desert-adapted fungal endophytes induce salinity and drought stress resistance in model crops. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 2021, 160, 225-238, 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.01.022.
  86. Mary Olsen; Cotton (Texas) Root Rot. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension Service and Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 2015, AZ1150, 1-6.
  87. Frank Waller; Beate Achatz; Helmut Baltruschat; József Fodor; Katja Becker; Marina Fischer; Tobias Heier; Ralph Hückelhoven; Christina Neumann; Diter von Wettstein; et al.Philipp FrankenKarl-Heinz Kogel The endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica reprograms barley to salt-stress tolerance, disease resistance, and higher yield. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2005, 102, 13386-13391, 10.1073/pnas.0504423102.
  88. María-José Endara; Phyllis D. Coley; The resource availability hypothesis revisited: a meta-analysis. Functional Ecology 2010, 25, 389-398, 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01803.x.
  89. Stanley H. Faeth; Kyle E. Hammon; Fungal Endophytes in Oak Trees: Long-Term Patterns of Abundance and Associations with Leafminers. Ecology 1997, 78, 810-819, 10.2307/2266060.
  90. Stanley H. Faeth; Fungal Endophytes: Common Host Plant Symbionts but Uncommon Mutualists. Integrative and Comparative Biology 2002, 42, 360-368, 10.1093/icb/42.2.360.
  91. S. Fracchia; L. Krapovickas; A. Aranda-Rickert; V.S. Valentinuzzi; Dispersal of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and dark septate endophytes by Ctenomys cf. knighti (Rodentia) in the northern Monte Desert of Argentina. Journal of Arid Environments 2011, 75, 1016-1023, 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.04.034.
  92. Haiyan Li; Marcos Soares; Mónica S. Torres; Marshall Bergen; James F. White Jr.; Endophytic bacterium,Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, enhances ornamental hosta resistance to diseases and insect pests. Journal of Plant Interactions 2014, 10, 224-229, 10.1080/17429145.2015.1056261.
  93. J P Breen; Acremonium Endophyte Interactions with Enhanced Plant Resistance to Insects. Annual Review of Entomology 1993, 39, 401-423, 10.1146/annurev.ento.39.1.401.
  94. Junhua Qin; Man Wu; Hui Liu; Yubao Gao; Anzhi Ren; Endophyte Infection and Methyl Jasmonate Treatment Increased the Resistance of Achnatherum sibiricum to Insect Herbivores Independently. Toxins 2018, 11, 7, 10.3390/toxins11010007.
  95. Marco Cosme; Jing Lu; Matthias Erb; Michael Joseph Stout; Philipp Franken; Susanne Wurst; A fungal endophyte helps plants to tolerate root herbivory through changes in gibberellin and jasmonate signaling. New Phytologist 2016, 211, 1065-1076, 10.1111/nph.13957.
  96. Tom R. Knoch; Stanley H. Faeth; Diane Arnott; Endophytic fungi alter foraging and dispersal by desert seed-harvesting ants. Oecologia 1993, 95, 470-473, 10.1007/bf00317429.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Qiuwei Zhang
View Times: 578
Revision: 1 time (View History)
Update Date: 01 Oct 2021
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Video Production Service
    Feedback