Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Deep Learning in Fashion and Apparel Retail Industry
Compared to other industries, fashion apparel retail faces many challenges in predicting future demand for its products with a high degree of precision. Fashion products’ short life cycle, insufficient historical information, highly uncertain market demand, and periodic seasonal trends necessitate the use of models that can contribute to the efficient forecasting of products’ sales and demand. Many researchers have tried to address this problem using conventional forecasting models that predict future demands using historical sales information. Machine learning and deep learning models such as the support vector machine, neural network, and recurrent neural network are among many forecast models that have gained popularity among forecast researchers and practitioners given their ability to overcome the drawbacks of traditional linear forecast models.
  • 2.2K
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Smile
A smile is formed primarily by flexing the muscles at the sides of the mouth. Some smiles include a contraction of the muscles at the corner of the eyes, an action known as a Duchenne smile. Among humans, a smile expresses delight, sociability, happiness, joy or amusement. It is distinct from a similar but usually involuntary expression of anxiety known as a grimace. Although cross-cultural studies have shown that smiling is a means of communication throughout the world, there are large differences among different cultures, religions and societies, with some using smiles to convey confusion or embarrassment.
  • 2.2K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Thermal Barrier Coatings
Thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems have presented an ongoing design issue in bids to improve the lifespan of coatings. A TBC can support an extended lifespan by repairing cracks between interfacial layers during high thermal exposure while at the same time increasing coating thickness. Two deposition techniques, atmospheric plasma spray and water-stabilized plasma spray (WSP), have been distinguished to understand mechanical and thermal performance based on their contrasting torch systems and microstructural characterization.
  • 2.2K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses a group of heterogeneous diseases that entail chronic, relapsing gastrointestinal tract inflammation of inexactly known etiology and pathogenesis. IBD is clinically classified as Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) based on symptoms, disease location, and histopathological characteristics.
  • 2.2K
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Neurodegenerative Disabilities
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a type of versatile adult stem cells present in various organs. These cells give rise to extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing a diverse array of biologically active elements, making them a promising approach for therapeutics and diagnostics. 
  • 2.2K
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Dietary Fibre from Whole Grains
The consumption of whole grain products is often related to beneficial effects on consumer health. Dietary fibre is an important component present in whole grains and is believed to be (at least partially) responsible for these health benefits. The dietary fibre composition of whole grains is very distinct over different grains. Whole grains of cereals and pseudo-cereals are rich in both soluble and insoluble functional dietary fibre that can be largely classified as e.g., cellulose, arabinoxylan, β-glucan, xyloglucan and fructan. However, even though the health benefits associated with the consumption of dietary fibre are well known to scientists, producers and consumers, the consumption of dietary fibre and whole grains around the world is substantially lower than the recommended levels. This review will discuss the types of dietary fibre commonly found in cereals and pseudo-cereals, their nutritional significance and health benefits observed in animal and human studies. 
  • 2.2K
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Transfusion Associated Circulatory Overload
In transfusion medicine, transfusion associated circulatory overload (aka TACO) is a transfusion reaction (an adverse effect of blood transfusion) resulting in signs or symptoms of excess fluid in the circulatory system (hypervolemia) within 12 hours after transfusion. The symptoms of TACO can include shortness of breath (dyspnea), low blood oxygen levels (hypoxemia), leg swelling (peripheral edema), high blood pressure (hypertension), and a high heart rate (tachycardia). It can occur due to a rapid transfusion of a large volume of blood but can also occur during a single red blood cell transfusion (about 15% of cases). It is often confused with transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), another transfusion reaction. The difference between TACO and TRALI is that TRALI only results in symptoms of respiratory distress while TACO can present with either signs of respiratory distress, peripheral leg swelling, or both. Risk factors for TACO are diseases that increase the amount of fluid a person has, including liver, heart, or kidney failure, as well as conditions that require many transfusions. High and low extremes of age are a risk factor as well. The management of TACO includes immediate discontinuation of the transfusion, supplemental oxygen if needed, and medication to remove excess fluid.
  • 2.2K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Plant Cellulose Nanofibre-Based Aerogels
Cellulose nanomaterials from plant fibre provide potential applications in biomedical. The biomedical application of nanocellulose isolated from plant fibre, which is a carbohydrate-based source, is very viable in the 21st century. The essential characteristics of plant fibre-based nanocellulose, which include its molecular, tensile and mechanicalproperties, as well as its biodegradability potential, have been widely explored for functional materials in the preparation of aerogel. Plant cellulose nano fibre (CNF)-based aerogels are novel functional materials that have attracted remarkable interest. In recent years, CNF aerogel has been extensively used in the biomedical field due to its biocompatibility, renewability and biodegradability. The effective surface area of CNFs influences broad applications in biological and medical studies such as sustainable antibiotic delivery for wound healing, the preparation of scaffolds for tissue cultures, the development of drug delivery systems, biosensing and an antimicrobial film for wound healing. Many researchers have a growing interest in using CNF-based aerogels in the mentioned applications. The application of cellulose-based materials is widely reported in the literature. However, only a few studies discuss the potential of cellulose nanofibre aerogel in detail. The potential applications of CNF aerogel include composites, organic–inorganic hybrids, gels, foams, aerogels/xerogels, coatings and nano-paper, bioactive and wound dressing materials and bioconversion.
  • 2.2K
  • 19 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Engineered Extracellular Vesicles
Engineered Extracellular Vesicles are devices obtained through the surface modification of natural extracellular vesicles, both using direct and indirect methods, i.e. engineering of the parental cells. The aim of their production is to obtain extracellular vesicles that are more reliable in terms of reproducibility and that present some desired features, that can change depending on the application.
  • 2.2K
  • 02 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Patient-Centered Care for Depression Patients
People have specific and unique individual and contextual characteristics, so healthcare should increasingly opt for person-centered care models. Care planning focused on people with depression and/or anxiety disorder must be individualized, dynamic, flexible, and participatory. It must respond to the specific needs of the person, contemplating the identification of problems, the establishment of individual objectives, shared decision making, information and education, systematic feedback, and case management, and it should meet the patient’s preferences and satisfaction with care and involve the family and therapeutic management in care.
  • 2.2K
  • 18 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Papaya Flavour Profiling
A major challenge to the papaya industry is inconsistency in fruit quality and, in particular, flavour, which is a complex trait that comprises taste perception in the mouth (sweetness, acidity, or bitterness) and aroma produced by several volatile compounds. Current commercial varieties vary greatly in their taste, likely due to historical prioritised selection for fruit appearance as well as large environmental effects. Therefore, it is important to better understand the genetic and biochemical mechanisms and biosynthesis pathways underpinning preferable flavour in order to select and breed for better tasting new commercial papaya varieties. As an initial step, objectively measurable standards of the compound profiles that provide papaya’s taste and aroma, together with ‘mouth feel’, are required. This review presents an overview of the approaches to characterise the flavour profiles of papaya through sugar component determination, volatile compound detection, sensory panel testing, as well as genomics-based studies to identify the papaya flavour. 
  • 2.2K
  • 27 Sep 2021
Topic Review
CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol
High-efficiency utilization of CO2 facilitates the reduction of CO2 concentration in the global atmosphere and hence the alleviation of the greenhouse effect. The catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to produce value-added chemicals exhibits attractive prospects by potentially building energy recycling loops.
  • 2.2K
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Radial Arm Maze Task
The Radial Arm Maze (RAM), developed by Olton and Samuelson (1976) and quickly adapted in humans, is a high ecological spatial task, firstly used in a real environment and subsequently in the virtual one.
  • 2.2K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Spandrel
In evolutionary biology, a spandrel is a phenotypic trait that is a byproduct of the evolution of some other characteristic, rather than a direct product of adaptive selection. Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Lewontin brought the term into biology in their 1979 paper "The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme". Adaptationism is a point of view that sees most organismal traits as adaptive products of natural selection. Gould and Lewontin sought to temper what they saw as adaptationist bias by promoting a more structuralist view of evolution. The term "spandrel" originates from architecture, where it refers to the roughly triangular spaces between the top of an arch and the ceiling.
  • 2.2K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase in Cell Death Regulation
Telomerase is constitutively expressed in stem cells, including progenitor cells of skin, intestine and hematopoietic niches. It is temporarily induced in a number of proliferating cells, for example, in lymphocytes upon stimulation. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), a core part of telomerase, is considered as an intriguing link between multiple signaling pathways.
  • 2.2K
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Porphyry Mo Deposits
Porphyry Mo deposits are the most important type of Mo resource. They result from a high oxygen fugacity of the parent magma, which acts as an effective indicator for evaluating the mineralization. In the ore-forming system of porphyry Mo deposits, sulfur exists mainly as sulfate in highly oxidized magma but as sulfide in ores. What triggers the reduction in the mineralization system that leads to sulfide precipitation has not yet been determined. 
  • 2.2K
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Classification of Lindane Based on the Isomeric Form
Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) is an artificial organic pollutant also called hexachlorane. It has eight isomeric forms, but of these eight isomeric forms, four α, -β, -γ, and δ-HCHs are the most prevalent. From this compound, γ-HCH (also known as lindane) is the most constant and commonly used compound, and it is the supreme isomer. Lindane is a broad-spectrum chlorinated insecticide that has a mixture of several chemical forms of HCH and is written as γ-Hexachlorocyclohexane or γ-HCH. Organic pollutants are normally pesticides, insecticides, or fertilizer, but HCH is an insecticide that is used on fruits, plants, and animals. Lindane is one of the earliest generations of chlorinated organic insecticides, appearing shortly after the end of World War II. All of the pollutants have the same physical and chemical properties. Therefore, it has also had PBT (Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic) properties.
  • 2.2K
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Nanocatalysts Used in AOPs for Wastewater Treatment
The increase in population demands for industrialization and urbanization which led to the introduction of novel hazardous chemicals in our environment. The most significant parts of these harmful substances found in water bodies remain in the background, causing a health risk to humans and animals. It is critical to remove these toxic chemicals from the wastewater to keep a cleaner and greener environment. Hence, wastewater treatment is a challenging area these days to manage liquid wastes effectively. Therefore, scientists are in search of novel technologies to treat and recycle wastewater, and nanotechnology is one of them, thanks to the potential of nanoparticles to effectively clean wastewater while also being ecologically benign. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been extensively studied. Advanced oxidation processes can be defined as the processes and technologies which involve the generation of active species such as hydroxyl radicals (•OH) which act as efficient oxidants to decompose pollutants in wastewater treatment. 
  • 2.2K
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
LTBL
Leukoencephalopathy with thalamus and brainstem involvement and high lactate (LTBL) is a disorder that affects the brain. LTBL is one of a group of genetic disorders called leukodystrophies, which feature abnormalities of the nervous system's white matter. White matter consists of nerve fibers covered by a fatty substance, called myelin, that insulates nerve fibers and promotes the rapid transmission of nerve impulses.
  • 2.2K
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Remote Sensing for Detection of Plant Water Stress
In the context of climate change, the occurrence of water stress in forest ecosystems, which are solely dependent on precipitation, has exhibited a rising trend, even among species that are typically regarded as drought-tolerant. Remote sensing techniques offer an efficient, comprehensive, and timely approach for monitoring forests at local and regional scales. These techniques also enable the development of diverse indicators of plant water status, which can play a critical role in evaluating forest water stress.
  • 2.2K
  • 07 Jul 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 2728
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback