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Topic Review
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Lyase in Neurodegeneration
Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SPL) is a pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent enzyme involved in the irreversible degradation of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)—a bioactive sphingolipid that modulates a broad range of biological processes (cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and survival; mitochondrial functioning; and gene expression).
  • 630
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Heterotypic Interactions in Neuroinflammation
Different cell populations in the nervous tissue establish numerous, heterotypic interactions and perform specific, frequently intersecting activities devoted to the maintenance of homeostasis. Microglia and astrocytes, respectively the immune and the “housekeeper” cells of nervous tissue, play a key role in neurodegenerative diseases. Alterations of tissue homeostasis trigger neuroinflammation, a collective dynamic response of glial cells. Reactive astrocytes and microglia express various functional phenotypes, ranging from anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory. Chronic neuroinflammation is characterized by a gradual shift of astroglial and microglial phenotypes from anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory, switching their activities from cytoprotective to cytotoxic. In this scenario, the different cell populations reciprocally modulate their phenotypes through intense, reverberating signaling. Current evidence suggests that heterotypic interactions are links in an intricate network of mutual influences and interdependencies connecting all cell types in the nervous system.
  • 629
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
MicroRNAs' Impact on Sleep-Related Epilepsy
MicroRNAs are a family of single-stranded, non-coding, endogenous regulatory molecules formed from double-stranded precursors. They are typically composed of 21–23 nucleotides, and their main role involves post-transcriptional downregulation of expression of numerous genes. Learning more about the role of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of sleep disorder epilepsy may result in its use as a biomarker in these disorders and application in therapy.
  • 629
  • 06 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Applications of Biobanking in Neuro-Urology
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying neuro-urological disorders is crucial for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions. Through the establishment of comprehensive biobanks, researchers can collect and store various biological specimens, including urine, blood, tissue, and DNA samples, to study these mechanisms. In the context of neuro-urology, biobanking facilitates the identification of genetic variations, epigenetic modifications, and gene expression patterns associated with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. These conditions often present as symptoms of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury, and many others. Biobanking of tissue specimens from such patients is essential to understand why these diseases cause the respective symptoms and what can be done to alleviate them. 
  • 629
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Surgical Management of Synucleinopathies
Synucleinopathies represent a diverse set of pathologies with significant morbidity and mortality.
  • 629
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Genetic Engineering of IgG Fusion Proteins
The treatment of neurological disorders with large-molecule biotherapeutics requires that the therapeutic drug be transported across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Recombinant biotherapeutics, such as neurotrophins, enzymes, decoy receptors, and monoclonal antibodies (MAb), do not cross the BBB. These biotherapeutics can be re-engineered as brain-penetrating bifunctional IgG fusion proteins. These recombinant proteins comprise two domains, the transport domain and the therapeutic domain, respectively. The transport domain is an MAb that acts as a molecular Trojan horse by targeting a BBB-specific endogenous receptor that induces receptor-mediated transcytosis into the brain, such as the human insulin receptor (HIR) or the transferrin receptor (TfR). 
  • 628
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Imbalance of Essential Metals in Traumatic Brain Injury
Dysfunction of the complex cerebral networks underlying wakefulness and awareness is responsible for Disorders of Consciousness (DoC). Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a common cause of DoC, and it is responsible for a multi-dimensional pathological cascade that affects the proper functioning of the brainstem and brain consciousness pathways. Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), and Copper (Cu) have a role in the neurophysiology of both the ascending reticular activating system, a multi-neurotransmitter network located in the brainstem that is crucial for consciousness, and several brain regions.
  • 627
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Radiation therapy in the Treatment of Neurological Disorders
Radiation therapy (RT) has been widely adopted in the treatment of various neurological disorders, for different aims such as pain relief, control of the symptoms, and obliteration of brain arteriovenous malformations. Moreover, RT is a non-invasive approach that can be safely adopted also in elderly patients. 
  • 626
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
ADHD, Binge Eating Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impulsiveness, inattention, restlessness, and hyperactivity. This classification is provided because onset occurs in early childhood before age 12 and is characterized by developmental deficits inconsistent with or excessive for developmental level or age.
  • 626
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Serum Lipid Level Association
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with unknown etiology. Many metabolic alterations occur during ALS progress and can be used as a method of pre-diagnostic and early diagnosis. Dyslipidemia is one of the physiological changes observed in numerous ALS patients.
  • 625
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neuroinflammation is a complex innate immune response occurring in the central nervous system (CNS), orchestrated primarily by specialized resident cells, notably glial cells, with microglia and astrocytes taking center stage.
  • 623
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Post-Stroke Fatigue
Post-stroke emotional disorders encompass depression, anxiety, emotion control disorder, anger control disorder, and fatigue that occurs after a stroke. Post-stroke fatigue (PSF) is one of the most common emotional disorders, and the previous studies suggested that 16%–85% of stroke patients experience PSF.
  • 622
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
The Batroxobin, oxygEn, Conditioning, and cOOLing Treatments
Ischemic cerebrovascular disease (ICD), the most common neurological disease worldwide, can be classified based on the onset time (acute/chronic) and the type of cerebral blood vessel involved (artery or venous sinus). Classifications include acute ischemic stroke (AIS)/transient ischemic attack (TIA), chronic cerebral circulation insufficiency (CCCI), acute cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST), and chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI). The pathogenesis of cerebral arterial ischemia may be correlated with cerebral venous ischemia through decreased cerebral perfusion. The core treatment goals for both arterial and venous ICDs include perfusion recovery, reduction of cerebral ischemic injury, and preservation of the neuronal integrity of the involved region as soon as possible. The neuroprotective effects of four novel potential ICD treatments with high translation rates, known as the BE COOL treatments (Batroxobin, oxygEn, Conditioning, and cOOLing), and subsequently analyzes how BE COOL treatments are used in clinical settings are discussed.
  • 622
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Gender and Neurosteroids
Neurosteroids are synthesized de novo in the nervous system; they mainly moderate neuronal excitability, and reach target cells via the extracellular pathway. The synthesis of neurosteroids occurs in peripheral tissues such as gonads tissues, liver, and skin; then, because of their high lipophilia, they cross the blood–brain barrier and are stored in the brain structure. Neurosteroidogenesis occurs in brain regions such as the cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala by enzymes necessary for the in situ synthesis of progesterone from cholesterol. Neurosteroids could be considered the main players in both sexual steroid-induced hippocampal synaptic plasticity and normal transmission in the hippocampus.
  • 622
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Memory, Aging, and Sleep Interaction
The process of memory entails the activation of numerous neural networks and biochemical pathways throughout the brain. The phenomenon of memory decline in relation to aging has been the subject of extensive research for several decades. The correlation between the process of aging and memory is intricate and has various aspects to consider. Throughout the aging process, there are various alterations that take place within the brain and, as expected, affect other functions that have already been linked to memory and its function such as involving microcirculation and sleep.
  • 621
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cofilin Dysregulation in Stroke and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders
Cofilin is an essential protein in cytoskeletal dynamics, and any dysregulation could lead to potentially serious complications. Cofilin’s involvement is underscored by its impact on pathological hallmarks like Aβ plaques and α-synuclein aggregates, triggering synaptic dysfunction, dendritic spine loss, and impaired neuronal plasticity, leading to cognitive decline. 
  • 621
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Bio-Scaffolds as Carriers for Nerve Injury Repair
Central and peripheral nerve injuries can lead to permanent paralysis and organ dysfunction. In recent years, many cell and exosome implantation techniques have been developed in an attempt to restore function after nerve injury with promising but generally unsatisfactory clinical results. Clinical outcome may be enhanced by bio-scaffolds specifically fabricated to provide the appropriate three-dimensional (3D) conduit, growth-permissive substrate, and trophic factor support required for cell survival and regeneration. In rodents, these scaffolds have been shown to promote axonal regrowth and restore limb motor function following experimental spinal cord or sciatic nerve injury. 
  • 619
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Linc-ROR in Cancer and Disease
Cancer is responsible for more than 10 million deaths every year. Metastasis and drug resistance lead to a poor survival rate and are a major therapeutic challenge. Substantial evidence demonstrates that an increasing number of long non-coding RNAs are dysregulated in cancer, including the long intergenic non-coding RNA, regulator of reprogramming (linc-ROR), which mostly exerts its role as an onco-lncRNA acting as a competing endogenous RNA that sequesters micro RNAs.
  • 618
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Lipid Abnormalities in Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by pathogenic variants in CYP27A1, leading to a deficiency in sterol 27-hydroxylase. This defect results in the accumulation of cholestanol and bile alcohols in various tissues, including the brain, tendons, and peripheral nerves. Elevated levels of cholestanol are consistently observed. Most patients present normal or low serum cholesterol levels. The decrease in chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) leads to increased synthesis of cholesterol metabolites such as bile alcohols 23S-pentol and 25-tetrol 3-glucuronide, which may serve as surrogate follow-up markers in patients with CTX. Lipid abnormalities in CTX have clinical implications. Cholestanol deposition in tissues contributes to the clinical manifestations, including neurological symptoms and tendon xanthomas. Dyslipidemia and abnormal cholesterol metabolism may also contribute to the increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications observed in some CTX patients.
  • 618
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The Anti-Epileptic Effects of Carbenoxolone
Gap junctions (GJs) are intercellular junctions that allow the direct transfer of ions and small molecules between neighboring cells, and GJs between astrocytes play an important role in the development of various pathologies of the brain, including regulation of the pathological neuronal synchronization underlying epileptic seizures. Recently, we found that a pathological change is observed in astrocytes during the ictal and interictal phases of 4-aminopyridin (4-AP)-elicited epileptic activity in vitro, which was correlated with neuronal synchronization and extracellular epileptic electrical activity. This finding raises the question: Does this signal depend on GJs between astrocytes?
  • 617
  • 25 Jan 2022
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