Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Major Cell Death Pathways
Programmed cell death (PCD) or apoptosis is an important form of cell-autonomous immune control over intracellular pathogens. PCD is mainly responsible for regulating animal development and tissue homeostasis, which regularly occurs in a broad range of human diseases, including immunological, developmental problems, neurodegeneration, and cancer.
  • 2.3K
  • 05 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Pediatric Medulloblastoma
Medulloblastoma is the most common pediatric brain tumor, comprising one-third of all pediatric brain tumors, and originating in the posterior fossa of the brain. The disease is categorized into four subtypes: WNT, Sonic hedgehog (SHH), Group 3, and Group 4. Each subtype has unique pathogenesis, biomarkers, prognosis, response to therapy, and potential for further pharmacologic investigation. 
  • 2.3K
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
African Traditional Fermented Foods
Cereals are staple foods in Africa. The most commonly used cereals include maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), millet (Peninsetum americanum), and acha or fonio (Digitaria exilis). These cereals are characterized by a high content of soluble non-starch polysaccharides (e.g., arabinoxylan and β–glucan), which have a health-promoting role and rich nondigestible carbohydrates (e.g., galacto- and fructooligosaccharides), excellent substrates for fermenting micro-organisms.
  • 2.3K
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence Decision-Making Transparency and Employees' Trust
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a new generation of technology that can interact with the environment and aims to simulate human intelligence. In recent years, more and more enterprises have introduced AI, and how to encourage employees to accept AI, use AI, and trust AI has become a hot research topic. Whether AI can be successfully integrated into enterprises and serve as a decision maker depends crucially on employees’ trust in AI. Humans’ trust in AI refers to the degree to which humans consider AI to be trustworthy. 
  • 2.3K
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Breast Cancer Pathology and Biomarkers
This contribution describes breast pathology and breast cancer incidence and mortality statistics. The contribution also discusses the clinical performance of already approved breast cancer biomarkers and their performance is compared to novel discovered breast cancer biomarkers.
  • 2.3K
  • 28 Jul 2020
Topic Review
HIF-1α in IVD Treatment
The intervertebral disc (IVD) is a complex joint structure comprising three primary components—namely, nucleus pulposus (NP), annulus fibrosus (AF), and cartilaginous endplate (CEP). The IVD retrieves oxygen from the surrounding vertebral body through CEP by diffusion and likely generates ATP via anaerobic glycolysis. IVD degeneration is characterized by a cascade of cellular, compositional, structural changes. With advanced age, pronounced changes occur in the composition of the disc extracellular matrix (ECM). NP and AF cells in the IVD possess poor regenerative capacity compared with that of other tissues. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a master transcription factor that initiates a coordinated cellular cascade in response to a low oxygen tension environment, including the regulation of numerous enzymes in response to hypoxia. HIF-1α is essential for NP development and homeostasis and is involved in various processes of IVD degeneration process, promotes ECM in NP, maintains the metabolic activities of NP, and regulates dystrophic mineralization of NP, as well as angiogenesis, autophagy, and apoptosis during IVD degeneration. HIF-1α may, therefore, represent a diagnostic tool for early IVD degeneration and a therapeutic target for inhibiting IVD degeneration
  • 2.3K
  • 06 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Biosynthesis of Lasso Peptides
Lasso peptides are a subclass of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) and feature the threaded, lariat knot-like topology. The basic post-translational modifications (PTMs) of lasso peptide contain two steps, including the leader peptide removal of the ribosome-derived linear precursor peptide by an ATP-dependent cysteine protease, and the macrolactam cyclization by an ATP-dependent macrolactam synthetase.
  • 2.3K
  • 26 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Dioxin in Kidney Disease
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a class of hormone-like chemicals that exist in the environment and interfere with the production, transport, metabolism, regulation, degradation, and/or action of hormones. The kidney is one of the most important organs in the urinary system and an accumulation point. Dioxins were identified as toxic compounds in the 1960s. Dioxins are a group of structurally related chemicals composed of two coplanar benzene rings.
  • 2.3K
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
New Functional Foods with Cactus Components
Cactus plants, belonging to the Cactaceae family, have been an essential part of traditional diets in arid and semi-arid regions for centuries. The application of cactus ingredients in food development has been broad, whether in producing breads, jellies, gums, dyes, probiotics, and postbiotic and paraprobiotic foods. 
  • 2.3K
  • 19 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Rate Response in Implantable Cardiac Pacemakers
Modern cardiac pacemakers are equipped with a function that allows the heart rate to adapt to the current needs of the patient in situations of increased demand related to exercise and stress ("rate-response" function). Modern pacemakers are equipped with a number of functions and algorithms that adjust the basal rate of pacing to situations associated with increased demands of the body—this requires sensors for accelerometer-based measurements; measurements of minute ventilation; measurements of myocardial contractility; and the analysis of myocardial, transthoracic, and transvalvular impedances.
  • 2.3K
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Nomos
Nomos, within the field of sociology, denotes the intricate framework of norms, rules, and cultural conventions that govern and regulate social behavior within a given society. It encompasses both formal and informal mechanisms of social control, reflecting the collective values, beliefs, and customs of a community. Nomos is dynamic, evolving over time in response to societal changes, yet integral to the maintenance of social order and the perpetuation of cultural continuity.
  • 2.3K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
European Policy Preventing Internet Addiction
Internet use-related addiction problems are increasingly being recognized on a European scale due to international health organizations considering gaming addiction. In April 2013, the American Psychiatric Association recognized Internet Gaming Disorder in the fifth Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, and in April 2018, the World Health Organization included Gaming Disorder in the eleventh International Classification of Diseases. However, findings on these problems within this period are lacking in Europe, and a preventive approach is missing globally. A detailed critical literature review was conducted using PsycINFO and Web of Science in this five-year period. A total of 19 studies were reviewed and problems identified were: generalized Internet addiction and online gaming and gambling addictions across seven European countries (i.e., Spain, Germany, France, Italy, Greece, The Netherlands, and Denmark). The individuals with problematic use were found to be educated adolescents, usually young males with comorbid disorders, and gaming and gambling disorders were implicated in the most severe cases. Cognitive behavioral therapy was the main treatment, sometimes combined with a systemic approach for adolescents. Prevalence, high-risk populations, and factors contributing to these addiction problems are discussed, and a set of policy options are developed for this region. The implications for early detection, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention in Europe are considered.
  • 2.3K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Communications of UAS Traffic Management
A UAS traffic management (UTM) system requires that each UAV be able to see and be seen; therefore, the communication channel becomes crucial. In the last five years, state-of-the-art research has focused on three types of communication: ADS-B, ADS-B-like communication, and Remote ID. ADS-B is the legacy system currently used in manned flights and has been mandatory since 2020. Similarly, the ADS-B-like system works similarly to ADS-B but uses different types of wireless communication technology such as 4G, XBee, and APRS (automatic packet reporting system). However, Remote ID is a new standard established, based on Bluetooth/Wi-Fi technology that fulfills the requirement for current UTM operations. The communications in UTM can be categorized into ADS-B, Remote ID, and ADS-B-like systems. The information presented here consist of definition, data format, technology, and research application.
  • 2.3K
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Gastric Cancer Screening in Japan
Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer incidence in Japan, although gastric cancer mortality has decreased over the past few decades. This decrease is attributed to a decline in the prevalence of H. pylori infection. Radiographic examination has long been performed as the only method of gastric screening with evidence of reduction in mortality in the past. The revised 2014 Japanese Guidelines for Gastric Cancer Screening approved gastric endoscopy for use in population-based screening, together with radiography. While endoscopic gastric cancer screening has begun, there are some problems associated with its implementation, including endoscopic capacity, equal access, and cost-effectiveness. As H. pylori infection and atrophic gastritis are well-known risk factors for gastric cancer, a different screening method might be considered, depending on its association with the individual’s background and gastric cancer risk.
  • 2.3K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Homemade Firearm
Homemade firearms are small improvised firearms built by individuals from kits or other equipment, which are generally excepted from commercial firearms markets or regulations. The phenomenon is most popular in the United States , where it is a political issue for gun control advocates, gun rights advocates, and law enforcement. Homemade guns are in general legal. Homemade guns are generally not subject to federal or state commercial background check regulations.
  • 2.3K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Determination of the Live Weight of Farm Animals
In cattle breeding, regularly taking the animals to the scale and recording their weight is important for both the performance of the enterprise and the health of the animals. This process, which must be carried out in businesses, is a difficult task. Due to the drawbacks of direct measurement approaches, a variety of indirect measurement approaches have been proposed.
  • 2.3K
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Organic Piezoelectric Biomaterials
The past decade has witnessed significant advances in medically implantable and wearable devices technologies as a promising personal healthcare platform. Organic piezoelectric biomaterials have attracted widespread attention as the functional materials in the biomedical devices due to their advantages of excellent biocompatibility and environmental friendliness. Biomedical devices featuring the biocompatible piezoelectric materials involve energy harvesting devices, sensors, and scaffolds for cell and tissue engineering. This paper offers a comprehensive review of the principles, properties, and applications of organic piezoelectric biomaterials. How to tackle issues relating to the better integration of the organic piezoelectric biomaterials into the biomedical devices is discussed. Further developments in biocompatible piezoelectric materials can spark a new age in the field of biomedical technologies.
  • 2.3K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Myokines
Myokines are small proteins (5–20 kDa) and proteoglycan peptides that are produced and secreted by skeletal muscle cells in response to muscle contractions.
  • 2.3K
  • 14 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Saul-Wilson Syndrome
Saul-Wilson syndrome is characterized by short stature (dwarfism) and other skeletal abnormalities.
  • 2.3K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Secoiridoids from Olea europaea L.
Iridoids, which have beneficial health properties, include a wide group of cyclopentane [c] pyran monoterpenoids present in plants and insects. The cleavage of the cyclopentane ring leads to secoiridoids. Mainly, secoiridoids have shown a variety of pharmacological effects including anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, and anti-obesity, which increase the interest of studying these types of bioactive compounds in depth. Secoiridoids are thoroughly distributed in several families of plants such as Oleaceae, Valerianaceae, Gentianaceae and Pedialaceae, among others. Specifically, Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae) is rich in oleuropein (OL), dimethyl-OL, and ligstroside secoiridoids, and their hydrolysis derivatives are mostly OL-aglycone, oleocanthal (OLE), oleacein (OLA), elenolate, oleoside-11-methyl ester, elenoic acid, hydroxytyrosol (HTy), and tyrosol (Ty). These compounds have proved their efficacy in the management of diabetes, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and viral and microbial infections. Particularly, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties of secoiridoids from the olive tree (Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae)) have been suggested as a potential application in a large number of inflammatory and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated diseases.
  • 2.3K
  • 28 Jun 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 2728
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback