Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Digital PCR for Single-Cell Analysis
Single-cell analysis provides an overwhelming strategy for revealing cellular heterogeneity and new perspectives for understanding the biological function and disease mechanism. Moreover, it promotes the basic and clinical research in many fields at a single-cell resolution. A digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) is an absolute quantitative analysis technology with high sensitivity and precision for DNA/RNA or protein. With the development of microfluidic technology, digital PCR has been used to achieve absolute quantification of single-cell gene expression and single-cell proteins. For single-cell specific-gene or -protein detection, digital PCR has shown great advantages. 
  • 276
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNAs in Environmental Stress Response
Air pollution has increased over the years, causing a negative impact on society due to the many health-related problems it can contribute to. Although the type and extent of air pollutants are known, the molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of negative effects on the human body remain unclear. Emerging evidence suggests the crucial involvement of different molecular mediators in inflammation and oxidative stress in air pollution-induced disorders. Among these, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) carried by extracellular vesicles (EVs) may play an essential role in gene regulation of the cell stress response in pollutant-induced multiorgan disorders.
  • 274
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Sepsis
Sepsis is a major global health problem that results from a dysregulated and uncontrolled host response to infection, causing organ failure. Despite effective anti-infective therapy and supportive treatments, the mortality rate of sepsis remains high. Approximately 30–80% of patients with sepsis may develop disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), which can double the mortality rate. There is currently no definitive treatment approach for sepsis, with etiologic treatment being the cornerstone of therapy for sepsis-associated DIC. Early detection, diagnosis, and treatment are critical factors that impact the prognosis of sepsis-related DIC.
  • 271
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Prostate Cancer Development
Prostate cancer (PCa) is characterized by various genomic alterations that play a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. Efforts in precision medicine aimed at improving diagnosis, prevention, and surveillance based on genetic alterations are advancing. Notably, no tumor markers surpass prostate-specific antigen in specificity, and existing treatments primarily target the androgen receptor axis, with exceptions for patients with alterations in homologous recombination repair-related genes, such as BRCA1/2 and ATM, who may benefit from poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors.
  • 269
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Essential Oils Extracted from Apiaceae Family Plants
The importance of antioxidants has gained much attention due to the increase in the prevalence of various non-communicable diseases such as cancer, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases, which occur due to excess reactive species. The widespread use of synthetic antioxidants in the food industry has raised concerns about their potential harmful effects on health.
  • 269
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Magnetic Nanostructures and Stem Cells in Liver Diseases
The term “liver disease” refers to any hepatic condition that leads to tissue damage or altered hepatic function and can be induced by virus infections, autoimmunity, inherited genetic mutations, high consumption of alcohol or drugs, fat accumulation, and cancer. Some types of liver diseases are becoming more frequent worldwide. This can be related to increasing rates of obesity in developed countries, diet changes, higher alcohol intake, and even the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was associated with increased liver disease-related deaths. Although the liver can regenerate, in cases of chronic damage or extensive fibrosis, the recovery of tissue mass is impossible, and a liver transplant is indicated. 
  • 268
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Basis of HER2-Targeted Therapy
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification has emerged as a biomarker in colorectal cancer (CRC), occurring in 1–4% of metastatic CRC (mCRC). In addition to conventional methods, such as immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization, next-generation sequencing-based tissue or circulating tumor DNA analysis has been used to identify HER2 amplification and assess HER2 overexpression. Prospective clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of HER2-targeted therapies in HER2-positive mCRC. The TRIUMPH study, a phase II study of dual HER2 antibodies, i.e., pertuzumab plus trastuzumab, demonstrated promising efficacy for patients with HER2-positive mCRC confirmed by tissue-and/or blood-based techniques, which led to the regulatory approval of this combination therapy in Japan. The mechanisms associated with efficacy and resistance have also been explored in translational studies that incorporate liquid biopsy in prospective trials. In particular, HER2 copy number and co-alterations have repeatedly been reported as biomarkers related to efficacy.
  • 267
  • 06 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Genomic Profiling for Breast Cancer Heterogeneity Analysis
Breast cancer continues to pose a significant healthcare challenge worldwide for its inherent molecular heterogeneity. 
  • 266
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Fabry Disease in Women
Fabry Disease (FD) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the GLA gene on the X chromosome, leading to a deficiency in α-galactosidase A (AGAL) enzyme activity. This leads to the accumulation of glycosphingolipids, primarily globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), in vital organs such as the kidneys, heart, and nervous system. 
  • 266
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Side-Chain Functional Groups in Bacterial Glycans
Glycans on the surface of bacteria have diverse and essential biological functions and have widely been employed for treating various bacterial infectious diseases. Furthermore, these glycans comprise various functional groups, such as O-, N-, and carboxyl-modified, which significantly increase the diversity of glycan structures. These functional groups are not only crucial for glycans’ structural identity but are also essential for their biological functions. Therefore, a clear understanding of the biological functions of these modified groups in corresponding bacterial glycans is crucial for their medical applications. 
  • 263
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Interplay of BDNF and Glucocorticoids in Alzheimer’s Disease
Both the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glucocorticoids (GCs) play multiple roles in various aspects of neurons, including cell survival and synaptic function. BDNF and its receptor TrkB are extensively expressed in neurons of the central nervous system (CNS), and the contribution of the BDNF/TrkB system to neuronal function is evident; thus, its downregulation has been considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). GCs, stress-related molecules, and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are also considered to be associated with AD in addition to mental disorders such as depression. Importantly, a growing body of evidence suggests a close relationship between BDNF/TrkB-mediated signaling and the GCs/GR system in the CNS.
  • 262
  • 06 Feb 2024
Topic Review
High-Density Lipoprotein and Multiple Myeloma
Lipid metabolism is intrinsically linked to tumorigenesis. And one of the most important characteristics of cancer is the modification of lipid metabolism and its correlation with oncogenic signaling pathways within the tumors. Because lipids function as signaling molecules, membrane structures, and energy sources, lipids are essential to the development of cancer.
  • 259
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Animal Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a global health concern affecting millions, has prompted extensive research using animal models to develop effective treatments. Among these models, Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis (AIA) and Pristane-Induced Arthritis (PIA) have gained prominence. In part 2 of this series, the unique features, advantages, and limitations of AIA and PIA  were described. These models provide valuable insights into RA but also have specific constraints. By understanding their characteristics and drawbacks, their crucial role in advancing RA research and facilitating the discovery of novel therapies for this debilitating autoimmune disorder were emphasizes, which continues to challenge healthcare worldwide.
  • 257
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Cell-Based Therapeutics for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene that cause an almost complete lack of the dystrophin protein in the patient. The dystrophin gene is found on the X-chromosome, causing the disease to be X-linked and almost exclusively affecting young boys and young men. Two novel techniques were recently utilized which identify muscle cell transplantation as a viable treatment for DMD. The first is to generate chimeric cells, fussing the patient's cells with donor cells. The patient's cells identify the fused cells as self, thus avoiding the expected immune response. The donor cells provide dystrophin, the mutated and absent protein. The second novel technique is to inject these fused cells via intraosseous injection. This iliac crest, bone marrow route has proven to be a true systemic delivery route. These two techniques have been successfully utilized in the mdx mouse to decrease pathology. The two techniques are now also being investigated in a clinical trial.
  • 254
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
PacBio SMRT Sequencing for Human Telomere Sequence
This article describes the challenges of sequencing human telomeres and the advantages of using PacBio SMRT sequencing for telomere genome analysis.
  • 253
  • 31 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Ethnomedical Uses of Corymbia Species
Plants have been vital to human survival for aeons, especially for their unique medicinal properties. Trees of the Eucalyptus genus are well known for their medicinal properties. The Corymbia genus comprises bloodwood, spotted and ghost gum trees, which were previously classified as subspecies of the Eucalyptus genus. In 1995, however, DNA and morphological research concluded that bloodwood, spotted and ghost gum trees were genetically distinct from other Eucalyptus species, and they were, therefore, reclassified as members of the Corymbia genus of the Myrtaceae family
  • 252
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Androgen Receptor’s Role in Triple Negative Breast CancerBC
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) comprises 10–20% of diagnosed breast cancers. TNBCs are devoid of common biomarkers such as an estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Research is being conducted to determine the androgen receptor’s (AR) role in TNBC and determine its ability to be utilized as an effective drug target in the absence of the commonly targeted receptors. 
  • 252
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress and Bio-Regulation
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals work to maintain homeostasis in the body, but their excessive production causes damage to the organism. The human body is composed of a variety of cells totaling over 60 trillion cells. Each cell performs different functions and has a unique lifespan. The lifespan of cells is preprogrammed in their genes, and the death of cells that have reached the end of their lifespan is called apoptosis. This is contrary to necrosis, which is the premature death of cells brought about by physical or scientific forces. Each species has its own unique lifespan, which in humans is estimated to be up to 120 years. Elucidating the mechanism of the death of a single cell will lead to a better understanding of human death, and, conversely, the death of a single cell will lead to exploring the mechanisms of life. In this sense, research on active oxygen and free radicals, which are implicated in biological disorders and homeostasis, requires an understanding of both the physicochemical as well as the biochemical aspects. Based on the discussion above, it is clear to see that active oxygen and free radicals have dual functions of both injuring and facilitating homeostasis in living organisms.
  • 252
  • 27 Mar 2024
Topic Review
microRNAs for Treatment of Ewing’s Sarcoma
Ewing’s sarcoma (ES) is a rare type of cancer that forms in bones and soft tissues in the body, affecting mostly children and young adults. microRNAs have shown favourable results as latent diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in various cancers. microRNAs that might have therapeutic potential as target molecules in the treatment of ES.
  • 246
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Gene Expression of Wistar Rats after REM Sleep
Sleep is essential for the survival of most living beings. Numerous researchers have identified a series of genes that are thought to regulate “sleep-state” or the “deprived state”. As sleep has a significant effect on physiology, lack of total sleep, or particularly rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, for a prolonged period would have a profound impact on various body tissues.  REM sleep deprivation affected a total of 652 genes in the brain and 426 genes in the liver. Only 23 genes were affected commonly, 10 oppositely, and 13 similarly across brain and liver tissue. Nine-day REM sleep deprivation differentially affects genes and processes in the brain and liver of rats.
  • 243
  • 11 Sep 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 47
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback