Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Spondyloocular Syndrome
Spondyloocular syndrome (SOS, OMIM # 605822) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by osseous and ocular manifestations, including generalized osteoporosis, multiple long bones fractures, platyspondyly, dense cataracts and retinal detachment, and dysmorphic facial features, with or without short stature, cardiopathy, hearing impairment, and intellectual disability.
  • 728
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Green Space Exposure and T2DM
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a public health challenge that must be addressed considering the large number of risk factors involved in its appearance. Some environmental risk factors are currently described as predictors of diabetes, with access to green spaces being an element to consider in urban settings.
  • 724
  • 27 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Local Antibiotics in Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infections
Along with the increasing global burden of diabetes, diabetic foot infections (DFI) and diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) remain major challenges for patients and society. Despite progress in the development of prominent international guidelines, the optimal medical treatment for DFI and DFO remains unclear as to whether local antibiotics, that is, topical agents and local delivery systems, should be used alone or concomitant to conventional systemic antibiotics.
  • 721
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Metformin’s Effects
Today the area of application of metformin is expanding, the recent important change is a removal of a number of restrictions on its use in patients with heart failure, acute coronary syndrome and chronic kidney disease.
  • 719
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Prehabilitation
Pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence affect approximately 6–11% and 6–40% of women, respectively. These pathologies could result from a weakness of pelvic floor muscles (PFM) caused by previous deliveries, ageing or surgery. It seems reasonable that improving PFM efficacy should positively impact both pelvic floor therapy and surgical outcomes. Nonetheless, the existing data are inconclusive and do not clearly support the positive impact of preoperative pelvic floor muscle training on the improvement of surgical results. The restoration of deteriorated PFM function still constitutes a challenge. Thus, further well-designed prospective studies are warranted to answer the question of whether preoperative PFM training could optimize surgical outcomes and if therapeutic actions should focus on building muscle strength or rather on enhancing muscle performance.
  • 716
  • 26 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Microfluidics in Drug Development from Traditional Medicine
Microfluidic chip technology has spread throughout every step of the drug development process and plays an integral role, but classical drug development strategies are inadequate. Although numerous drugs have been produced for epidemic diseases, the mortality rate is still high globally. Over time, traditional medicine has been a powerful therapy for many illnesses. Therefore, the development of new drugs from traditional medicine is a promising strategy. New drug development from traditional medicine, either by obtaining the active ingredient directly from existing natural drugs or through direct modification of a traditional drug formulation, has received increasing attention as a powerful way to address this problem. However, there are quite a few hurdles to overcome when trying to develop new drugs from traditional medicine. Fortunately, microfluidic chip technology also plays an irreplaceable role in the strategy of new drug development from traditional medicine and can be applied to all aspects of the drug development process. However, there are currently insufficient reviews on the role of microfluidic chip technology in the development of new drugs from conventional medicine. Herein, the application of microfluidics in two major steps of drug development from traditional medicine has been described: the separation and purification of target components from complex samples and the screening of active components.
  • 714
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Route of Administration in the Musculoskeletal System
The musculoskeletal system (MSKS) is composed of specialized connective tissues including bone, muscle, cartilage, tendon, ligament, and their subtypes. The primary function of the MSKS is to provide protection, structure, mobility, and mechanical properties to the body. In the process of fulfilling these functions, the MSKS is subject to wear and tear during aging and after injury and requires subsequent repair. MSKS diseases are a growing burden due to the increasing population age. 
  • 711
  • 19 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Sarcopenia in Chronic Liver Disease
Sarcopenia is prevalent in patients with chronic liver disease, and affected patients tend to have worse clinical outcomes and higher mortality. However, relevant analyses are limited by heterogeneity in the definition of sarcopenia and in the methodological approaches in assessing it.
  • 709
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
RORA Elevation
Round Oak Rag Apple Elevation (born 1965, often abbreviated RORA Elevation), was one of the most influential artificial insemination Holstein/Friesian bulls of the last century. Elevation was named bull of the century by the Holstein International Association in 1999. Elevation was sired by Tidy Burke Elevation, a highly inbred bull from the Burke bloodline. His dam, Round Oak Ivanhoe Eve, was sired by the famous 1950's bull Osborndale Ivanhoe. Elevation was born in Virginia, bred by Ronald Hope, and was later owned by the artificial insemination company Select Sires. Elevation had many famous sons, including Sweet-Haven Tradition, Rockalli Son of Bova, Marshfield Elevation Tony and Straight-Pine Elevation Pete. In Canada, he had Hanoverhill Starbuck, an influential sire of sons worldwide. As of April 2009, Elevation is considered to be the bull with most actual descendents in the United States, by the Sire Summaries April 2009, of the Holstein Association.
  • 706
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Impact of Immunometabolic Dysregulation in Kidney Disease
Kidney disease encompasses a diverse group of disorders that vary in their underlying pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and outcomes. These disorders include acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, diabetic kidney disease, and many others. Despite their distinct etiologies, these disorders share a common feature of immune system dysregulation and metabolic disturbances. The immune system and metabolic pathways are intimately connected and interact to modulate the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. The dysregulation of immune responses in kidney diseases includes a complex interplay between various immune cell types, including resident and infiltrating immune cells, cytokines, chemokines, and complement factors. These immune factors can trigger and perpetuate kidney inflammation, causing renal tissue injury and progressive fibrosis.
  • 706
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Pitfalls Caveats in Chromogenic Immunostaining
In daily diagnostic pathology services, chromogenic immunostaining using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections is indispensable to help in the histopathological diagnosis fundamentally based on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Differential diagnoses are determined first, and appropriate immunohistochemical markers for the diagnoses are then selected. The expression of lymphocyte surface markers, hormones and tumor markers contributes to the functional classification of tumors. The degree of malignancy can be analyzed by immunostaining for p53 and Ki-67 (MIB-1), a cell proliferation marker, in a variety of malignancies including carcinomas of the oral cavity, colon, and breast.
  • 703
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Brain Connectivity in Migraine
A neuronal dysfunction based on the imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory cortical-subcortical neurotransmission seems at the basis of migraine. Intercritical neuronal abnormal excitability can culminate in the bioelectrical phenomenon of Cortical Spreading Depression (CSD) with secondary involvement of the vascular system and release of inflammatory mediators, modulating in turn neuronal activity. Neuronal dysfunction encompasses the altered connectivity between the brain areas implicated in the genesis, maintenance and chronic evolution of migraine. Advanced neuroimaging techniques allow to identify changes in functional connectivity (FC) between brain areas involved in pain processes. Through a narrative review, we re-searched case-control studies on FC in migraine, between 2015 and 2020, by inserting the words migraine, fMRI, EEG, MEG, connectivity, pain in Pubmed. Studies on FC have shown that cortical processes, in the neurolimbic pain network, are likely to be prevalent for triggering attacks, in response to predisposing factors, and that these lead to a demodulation of the subcortical areas, at the basis of migraine maintenance. The link between brain dysfunction and peripheral interactions through the inhibition of CGRP, the main mediator of sterile migraine inflammation needs to be further investigated. Preliminary evidence could suggest that peripheral nerves inference at somatic and trigeminal levels, appears to change brain FC.
  • 702
  • 05 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Intraarticular Injections of MSC in Knee Osteoarthritis
More than 10% of the world’s population suffers from osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee, with a lifetime risk of 45%. Treatments for knee OA pain are as follows: weight control; oral pharmacological treatment (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, paracetamol, opioids); mechanical aids (crutches, walkers, braces, orthotics); therapeutic physical exercise; and intraarticular injections of corticosteroids, hyaluronic acid, and platelet-rich plasma (PRP). The problem is that such treatments usually relieve joint pain for only a short period of time. With respect to intraarticular injections, corticosteroids relieve pain for several weeks, while hyaluronic acid and PRP relieve pain for several months. When the above treatments fail to control knee pain, total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is usually indicated; however, although a very effective surgical technique, it can be associated with medical and postoperative (surgery-related) complications. Therefore, it seems essential to look for safe and effective alternative treatments to TKA. There has been much research on intraarticular injections of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for the management of OA of the knee joint.
  • 701
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms and Factors of Ovarian Aging
Infertility is a global problem on the rise. The WHO defines it as a condition of the reproductive system that can be diagnosed when there is a “failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse”. It occurs due to four broad causes: lifestyle choices, inheritable factors, health conditions, and aging, with a degree of overlap between each of these factors. There are various mechanisms and factors that contribute to infertility, most of which have some type of connection with oxidative damage.
  • 698
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Application of Mass Spectrometry Imaging in Personalized Medicine
Novel profiling methodologies are redefining the diagnostic capabilities and therapeutic approaches towards more precise and personalized healthcare. Complementary information can be obtained from different omic approaches in combination with the traditional macro- and microscopic analysis of the tissue, providing a more complete assessment of the disease. Mass spectrometry imaging, as a tissue typing approach, provides information on the molecular level directly measured from the tissue.
  • 696
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Biomarker
In medicine, a biomarker is a measurable indicator of the severity or presence of some disease state. More generally a biomarker is anything that can be used as an indicator of a particular disease state or some other physiological state of an organism. According to the WHO, the indicator may be chemical, physical, or biological in nature - and the measurement may be functional, physiological, biochemical, cellular, or molecular. A biomarker can be a substance that is introduced into an organism as a means to examine organ function or other aspects of health. For example, rubidium chloride is used in isotopic labeling to evaluate perfusion of heart muscle. It can also be a substance whose detection indicates a particular disease state, for example, the presence of an antibody may indicate an infection. More specifically, a biomarker indicates a change in expression or state of a protein that correlates with the risk or progression of a disease, or with the susceptibility of the disease to a given treatment. Biomarkers can be characteristic biological properties or molecules that can be detected and measured in parts of the body like the blood or tissue. They may indicate either normal or diseased processes in the body. Biomarkers can be specific cells, molecules, or genes, gene products, enzymes, or hormones. Complex organ functions or general characteristic changes in biological structures can also serve as biomarkers. Although the term biomarker is relatively new, biomarkers have been used in pre-clinical research and clinical diagnosis for a considerable time. For example, body temperature is a well-known biomarker for fever. Blood pressure is used to determine the risk of stroke. It is also widely known that cholesterol values are a biomarker and risk indicator for coronary and vascular disease, and that C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker for inflammation. Biomarkers are useful in a number of ways, including measuring the progress of disease, evaluating the most effective therapeutic regimes for a particular cancer type, and establishing long-term susceptibility to cancer or its recurrence. The parameter can be chemical, physical or biological. In molecular terms biomarker is "the subset of markers that might be discovered using genomics, proteomics technologies or imaging technologies. Biomarkers play major roles in medicinal biology. Biomarkers help in early diagnosis, disease prevention, drug target identification, drug response etc. Several biomarkers have been identified for many diseases such as serum LDL for cholesterol, blood pressure, and P53 gene and MMPs as tumor markers for cancer.
  • 695
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
The chromosome 22q11.2 (22q11.2) deletion syndrome is a multisystemic disorder characterized by a marked variability of phenotypic features, making the diagnosis challenging for clinicians. The wide spectrum of clinical manifestations includes congenital heart defects—most frequently conotruncal cardiac anomalies—thymic hypoplasia and predominating cellular immune deficiency, laryngeal developmental defects, midline anomalies with cleft palate and velar insufficiency, structural airway defects, facial dysmorphism, parathyroid and thyroid gland hormonal dysfunctions, speech delay, developmental delay, and neurocognitive and psychiatric disorders. 
  • 695
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Practice Recommendations of Patient-Centered Tele-Palliative Care
Cancer patients receiving palliative care may face significant challenges in attending outpatient appointments. Patients on controlled substances such as opioids require frequent visits and often rely on assistive devices and/or a caregiver to accompany them to these visits. In addition, pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath may magnify the challenges associated with in-person visits. The rapid adoption of telemedicine in response to the COVID-19 pandemic has proven to be highly beneficial for advanced cancer patients and caregivers. The hurried COVID-19-related implementation of telemedicine is now evolving into a permanent platform for providing palliative care.
  • 689
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Sorafenib-Based Nanomedicine
Sorafenib (SF) is a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved molecular-targeted chemotherapeutic agent, which is used as a clinic standard drug for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The overall patient survival is increased by delaying the pathologic progression. SF is also an oral multikinase inhibitor by inhibiting the proliferation of tumor cells, neoplastic angiopoiesis, angiogenesis and invasion of cancer cells. So, SF is regarded as an effective chemotherapeutic agent against various types of tumors
  • 689
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
AAA 400 Drive for Autism
The AAA 400 Drive for Autism is a 400-mile (640 km) Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series stock car race held annually at Dover International Speedway in Dover, Delaware, the other one being the Dover 400, the fall race at Dover, for the NASCAR Chase for the Championship, it is the first of two Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series races at Dover. The 2007 Autism Speaks 400 presented by Visa marked the first time that a NASCAR Cup race entitlement was dedicated to a non-profit organization, by the race's title sponsor, Visa Inc. Starting in 2007 through 2017, Dover International Speedway announced that the 2007 race would be named the “Autism Speaks 400 presented by Visa" , dedicating to increasing understanding and knowledge of autism spectrum disorders; to funding dedicated to eugenics; and to advocating for the needs of affected families. Between 2001 and 2006, the race was broadcast in the United States on FX. Television coverage of the race moved to the Fox network beginning in 2007, but after eight years, the race returned to cable television with Fox Sports 1.
  • 687
  • 08 Nov 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 48
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback