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HandWiki. Biomarker. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35655 (accessed on 25 September 2026).
HandWiki. Biomarker. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35655. Accessed September 25, 2026.
HandWiki. "Biomarker" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35655 (accessed September 25, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 22). Biomarker. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35655
HandWiki. "Biomarker." Encyclopedia. Web. 22 November, 2022.
Biomarker
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Medicine:Biomarker

In medicine, a biomarker is a measurable indicator of the severity or presence of some disease state. More generally a biomarker is anything that can be used as an indicator of a particular disease state or some other physiological state of an organism. According to the WHO, the indicator may be chemical, physical, or biological in nature - and the measurement may be functional, physiological, biochemical, cellular, or molecular. A biomarker can be a substance that is introduced into an organism as a means to examine organ function or other aspects of health. For example, rubidium chloride is used in isotopic labeling to evaluate perfusion of heart muscle. It can also be a substance whose detection indicates a particular disease state, for example, the presence of an antibody may indicate an infection. More specifically, a biomarker indicates a change in expression or state of a protein that correlates with the risk or progression of a disease, or with the susceptibility of the disease to a given treatment. Biomarkers can be characteristic biological properties or molecules that can be detected and measured in parts of the body like the blood or tissue. They may indicate either normal or diseased processes in the body. Biomarkers can be specific cells, molecules, or genes, gene products, enzymes, or hormones. Complex organ functions or general characteristic changes in biological structures can also serve as biomarkers. Although the term biomarker is relatively new, biomarkers have been used in pre-clinical research and clinical diagnosis for a considerable time. For example, body temperature is a well-known biomarker for fever. Blood pressure is used to determine the risk of stroke. It is also widely known that cholesterol values are a biomarker and risk indicator for coronary and vascular disease, and that C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker for inflammation. Biomarkers are useful in a number of ways, including measuring the progress of disease, evaluating the most effective therapeutic regimes for a particular cancer type, and establishing long-term susceptibility to cancer or its recurrence. The parameter can be chemical, physical or biological. In molecular terms biomarker is "the subset of markers that might be discovered using genomics, proteomics technologies or imaging technologies. Biomarkers play major roles in medicinal biology. Biomarkers help in early diagnosis, disease prevention, drug target identification, drug response etc. Several biomarkers have been identified for many diseases such as serum LDL for cholesterol, blood pressure, and P53 gene and MMPs as tumor markers for cancer.

clinical diagnosis biological structures biological properties

References

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  2. Waaler E (May 2007). "On the occurrence of a factor in human serum activating the specific agglutintion of sheep blood corpuscles. 1939". APMIS 115 (5): 422–38; discussion 439. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_682a.x. PMID 17504400.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0463.2007.apm_682a.x
  3. "Differential agglutination of normal and sensitized sheep erythrocytes by sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis". Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 68 (1): 1–6. May 1948. doi:10.3181/00379727-68-16375. PMID 18863659.  https://dx.doi.org/10.3181%2F00379727-68-16375
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  5. "Anti-citrullinated protein/peptide autoantibodies in association with genetic and environmental factors as indicators of disease outcome in rheumatoid arthritis". Autoimmun Rev 9 (3): 140–3. January 2010. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2009.04.006. PMID 19427413.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.autrev.2009.04.006
  6. "Antibodies against citrullinated vimentin in rheumatoid arthritis: higher sensitivity and extended prognostic value concerning future radiographic progression as compared with antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides". Arthritis Rheum. 58 (1): 36–45. January 2008. doi:10.1002/art.23188. PMID 18163519.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fart.23188
  7. "Antibodies to mutated citrullinated vimentin for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis in anti-CCP-negative patients and for monitoring infliximab therapy". Arthritis Research & Therapy 10 (6): R142. 2008. doi:10.1186/ar2570. PMID 19077182.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2656247
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