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Topic Review
Biological Activities of the Genus Allochrusa
The genus Allochrusa (Caryophyllaceae) comprises nine species, which are native to Central Asia, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, and the Caucasus. They have been used in folk medicine and in the preparation of various sweets and detergents, especially in Asian countries. A diversity of secondary metabolites has been reported from the genus Allochrusa, including triterpene glycosides, ecdysteroids, flavonoids, volatile compounds, fatty acids, polysaccharides, pectins, hemicelluloses, and other phytochemicals. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies on isolated compound fractions and extracts from Allochrusa species showed anti-inflammatory, adjuvant, hemolytic, cytotoxic, antifungal, analgesic, antioxidant, and other activities. 
  • 850
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Structural Diversity in the Plant Specialized Metabolome
The plant specialized metabolome consists of a multitude of structurally and functionally diverse metabolites, variable from species to species. The specialized metabolites play roles in the response to environmental changes and abiotic or biotic stresses, as well as in plant growth and development. At its basis, the specialized metabolism is built of four major pathways, each starting from a few distinct primary metabolism precursors, and leading to distinct basic carbon skeleton core structures: polyketides and fatty acid derivatives, terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolics. Structural diversity in the specialized metabolism further expands exponentially with each subsequent modification of the core structure, decoration and conjugation. Series of subsequent conjugations among decorated specialized metabolites lead to the formation of polyglycosides and polyesters in rare cases of macromolecular weight. Many specialized metabolites are involved in redox reactions, and part of the structural diversity can also be attributed to follow-up reactions among oxidized structures, leading to the extremely diverse array of biflavonoids, (neo)lignans, oligolignols, proanthocyanidines and phlobaphenes, and derivatives of aromatically decorated compounds. 
  • 850
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
miRNA Biogenesis and Its Regulation in Plant Transcripts
The regulatory gene-expression network in plants involves several layers of regulatory components that control the biogenesis of genes, including signal transduction, chromatin remodeling, transcription factors, transcription, post-transcription, and translation. MicroRNA (miRNA) is one of the critical components in regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, playing essential roles in various molecular and developmental processes
  • 847
  • 06 Mar 2023
Topic Review
The Molecular Identity of Plant Callus Tissues
In response to different degrees of mechanical injury, certain plant cells re-enter the division cycle to provide cells for tissue replenishment, tissue rejoining, de novo organ formation, and/or wound healing. The intermediate tissue formed by the dividing cells is called a callus. Callus formation can also be induced artificially in vitro by wounding and/or hormone (auxin and cytokinin) treatments. The callus tissue can be maintained in culture, providing starting material for de novo organ or embryo regeneration and thus serving as the basis for many plant biotechnology applications. Due to the biotechnological importance of callus cultures and the scientific interest in the developmental flexibility of somatic plant cells, the initial molecular steps of callus formation have been studied in detail. It was revealed that callus initiation can follow various ways, depending on the organ from which it develops and the inducer, but they converge on a seemingly identical tissue. However, the common molecular signature that the various pathways converge on and define calli, regardless of their variable origin, as the same tissue has not yet been revealed.
  • 845
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Component of Seagrass Restoration
Seagrasses are marine flowering plants providing key ecological services and functions in coasts and estuaries across the globe. Increased environmental changes fueled by human activities are affecting their existence, compromising natural habitats and ecosystems’ biodiversity and functioning. In this context, restoration of disturbed seagrass environments has become a worldwide priority to reverse ecosystem degradation and to recover ecosystem functionality and associated services. Despite the proven importance of genetic research to perform successful restoration projects, this aspect has often been overlooked in seagrass restoration. Here, we aimed to provide a comprehensive perspective of genetic aspects related to seagrass restoration. To this end, we first reviewed the importance of studying the genetic diversity and population structure of target seagrass populations; then, we discussed the pros and cons of different approaches used to restore and/or reinforce degraded populations. In general, the collection of genetic information and the development of connectivity maps are critical steps for any seagrass restoration activity. Traditionally, the selection of donor population preferred the use of local gene pools, thought to be the best adapted to current conditions. However, in the face of rapid ocean changes, alternative approaches such as the use of climate-adjusted or admixture genotypes might provide more sustainable options to secure the survival of restored meadows. Also, we discussed different transplantation strategies applied in seagrasses and emphasized the importance of long-term seagrass monitoring in restoration. 
  • 844
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Surface Coating-Modulated Phytotoxic Responses of Silver Nanoparticles
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been implemented in a wide range of commercial products, resulting in their unregulated release into aquatic as well as terrestrial systems.Once released into the environment, they are prone to various transformation processes that modify their reactivity. In order to increase AgNP stability, different stabilizing coatings are applied during their synthesis. However, coating agents determine particle size and shape and influence their solubility, reactivity, and overall stability as well as their behavior and transformations in the biological medium. The employment of different stabilizing coatings can modulate AgNP-induced phytotoxicity with respect to growth, physiology, and gene and protein expression in terrestrial and aquatic plants and freshwater algae.
  • 844
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Endophytes and Abiotic Stresses
Biotic and abiotic stresses severely affect agriculture by affecting crop productivity, soil fertility, and health. These stresses may have significant financial repercussions, necessitating a practical, cost-effective, and ecologically friendly approach to lessen their negative impacts on plants. Endophytes are microorganisms that inhabit plants. Endophytes are known to promote the growth of host plants in several ways, including detoxification of toxic compounds, defense against pathogens, and production of plant growth-promoting hormones. The most common abiotic stressors include temperature, drought, salinity, and nutrient deficiency. These stresses may cause alterations in metabolomics and transcriptomics, which change the exudates from the roots and leaves and, in turn, influence the microbial community associated with plants. In the soil ecosystem, plant-associated microbes play a central role, working as natural partners that facilitate local and systemic mechanisms in plants to defend against adverse environmental conditions. 
  • 844
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Polyploidy Induction for Salinity Stress Mitigation in Soybean
Polyploidy induction is recognized as one of the major evolutionary processes leading to remarkable morphological, physiological, and genetic variations in plants. Soybean (Glycine max L.), also known as soja bean or soya bean, is an annual leguminous crop of the pea family (Fabaceae) that shares a paleopolypoidy history, dating back to approximately 56.5 million years ago with other leguminous crops such as cowpea and other Glycine specific polyploids. 
  • 843
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Plant Stomata
Stomata are crucial structures in plants that play a primary role in the infection process during a pathogen’s attack, as they act as points of access for invading pathogens to enter host tissues.
  • 842
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Impatiens longiaristata
Impatiens longiaristata (Balsaminaceae), a new species from western Sichuan Province in China, is described and illustrated here based on morphological and molecular data. It is similar to I. longiloba and I. siculifer, but differs in its lower sepal with a long arista at the apex of the mouth, spur curved downward or circinate, and lower petal that is oblong-elliptic and two times longer than the upper petal. Molecular analysis confirmed its placement in sect. Racemosae. 
  • 841
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Starch Modifications Outside the Plant System
Starch has been a convenient, economically important polymer with substantial applications in the food and processing industry. However, native starches present restricted applications, which hinder their industrial usage. Therefore, modification of starch is carried out to augment the positive characteristics and eliminate the limitations of the native starches. Modifications of starch can result in generating novel polymers with numerous functional and value-added properties that suit the needs of the industry. 
  • 841
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
MSI Ionization Techniques to Investigate Plant–Microbe Interactions
Plant–microbe interactions are of rising interest in plant sustainability, biomass production, plant biology, and systems biology. These interactions have been a challenge to detect until recent advancements in mass spectrometry imaging. Plants and microbes interact in four main regions within the plant, the rhizosphere, endosphere, phyllosphere, and spermosphere.
  • 838
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Ethylene and Jasmonates Biosynthesis and Signaling
While ethylene is the simplest known olefin, JAs (jasmonates) include its free acid and a number of conjugates. Both ethylene and JAs occur in almost all tissues of higher plants and regulate developmental and physiological processes (e.g., root development, accumulation of anthocyanins) in a complex manner.
  • 836
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Lignans from Bursera fagaroides
Bursera fagaroides is a medicinal tree endemic to México, it belongs to the Burseraceae family and has proven antitumor activity. Modern research, performed principally with the bark extracts, have indicated that lignans are the main active constituents of B. fagaroides, with a high content of aryltetralin, aryldihydronaphtalene, dibenzylbutirolactone, and dibenzylbutane type lignans as the constituents of the active extracts. In general, lignans from B. fagaroides exhibited potent anti-cancer activity, although antitumor, anti-bacterial, anti-protozoal, anti inflammatory, and anti-viral properties have also been described.
  • 834
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Warming Climate and Boreal Forest
The southern boreal forests of North America are susceptible to large changes in composition as temperate forests or grasslands may replace them as the climate warms.
  • 833
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
H2S-Mediated Mechanism
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is predominantly considered as a gaseous transmitter or signaling molecule in plants.
  • 832
  • 10 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Plasma Membrane Proton Pump in Plants
In plants, the plasma membrane proton pump (PM H+-ATPase) regulates numerous transport-dependent processes such as growth, development, basic physiology, and adaptation to environmental conditions.
  • 832
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Properties of Steviolo Glycosides: Zero Calorie Sweetener
Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni, commonly called “sweet leaf” is a medicinally and industrially important plant known to be rich in zero calorie natural sweetening compound(s) known as ‘steviol glycosides’. The wide spectrum of pharmacological activities of steviol glycosides (SGs) have developed an interest among scientific & industrial communities to identify the potent pharmakoactive SGs. Therefore, several studies based on various biological activities and commercial applications of these natural sweeteners have been conducted and summarized.
  • 832
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Plant Protein Glycation
Plant proteins are being considered to become the most important protein source of the future, and to do so, they must be able to replace the animal-derived proteins currently in use as techno-functional food ingredients. This poses challenges because plant proteins are oftentimes storage proteins with a high molecular weight and low water solubility. One promising approach to overcome these limitations is the glycation of plant proteins. The covalent bonding between the proteins and different carbohydrates created via the initial stage of the Maillard reaction can improve the techno-functional characteristics of these proteins without the involvement of potentially toxic chemicals.
  • 832
  • 02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Potential Pathogen Resistance in Cannabis sativa
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is one of the earliest cultivated crops, valued for producing a broad spectrum of compounds used in medicinal products and being a source of food and fibre.
  • 830
  • 23 Aug 2023
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