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Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Operational Stress Injury
An operational stress injury (OSI) is a term used most often to describe mental disorders which result from, or are exacerbated by, military or police service. In the Canadian context, this most often refers to active or former members of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) or the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). The most common diagnoses within this term include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety disorders, depression, and substance use disorders.
  • 701
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Proteomics in the ALS–FTD Spectrum Disorders
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are severely debilitating and progressive neurodegenerative disorders. A distinctive pathological feature of several neurodegenerative diseases, including ALS and FTD, is the deposition of aberrant protein inclusions in neuronal cells, which leads to cellular dysfunction and neuronal damage and loss Protein aggregate analysis, the identification of aggregated abnormal protein interactions and of proteins with an anomalous quaternary structure, may help to identify the pathological mechanisms involved in ALS–FTD. Several proteomic-based studies have been carried out on ALS–FTD spectrum disorders to explore the relevance of disease-related proteins and their potential roles in clinical practice. In ALS, aberrant protein folding and the formation of toxic protein aggregates are two crucial biological features. Indeed, the incorrect assembly of the protein in its native form leads to toxic molecules that potentially cause an overload of the degradation machine.
  • 700
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor as a Bipolar Disorder Biomarker
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a key role in brain development, contributing to neuronal survival and neuroplasticity. In fact, BDNF could be used as a marker for acute BD states and as a marker of clinical response to pharmacological treatments since the normalization of BDNF circulating levels has been found after effective pharmacological treatment. However, this interpretation remains speculative and further studies with larger and less heterogeneous samples are required.
  • 700
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Migraine as a Disease Associated with Dysbiosis
Migraine is a painful neurological condition characterized by severe pain on one or both sides of the head. It may be linked to changes in the gut microbiota, which are influenced by antibiotic use and other factors. Dysbiosis, which develops and persists as a result of earlier antibiotic therapy, changes the composition of the intestinal flora, and can lead to the development of various diseases such as metabolic disorders, obesity, hematological malignancies, neurological or behavioral disorders, and migraine. Metabolites produced by the gut microbiome have been shown to influence the gut–brain axis. The use of probiotics as a dietary supplement may reduce the number and severity of migraine episodes. Dietary strategies can affect the course of migraines and are a valuable tool for improving migraine management. With fecal microbiota transplantation, gut microbial restoration is more effective and more durable. Changes after fecal microbiota transplantation were studied in detail, and many data help us to interpret the successful interventions. The microbiological alteration of the gut microflora can lead to normalization of the inflammatory mediators, the serotonin pathway, and influence the frequency and intensity of migraine pain.
  • 696
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
A Personalized Longitudinal Strategy in Low-Grade Glioma Patients
Diffuse low-grade glioma (LGG) is a rare cerebral cancer, mostly involving young adults with an active life at diagnosis. If left untreated, LGG widely invades the brain and becomes malignant, generating neurological worsening and ultimately death. Early and repeat treatments for this incurable tumor, including maximal connectome-based surgical resection(s) in awake patients, enable postponement of malignant transformation while preserving quality of life owing to constant neural network reconfiguration. Due to considerable interindividual variability in terms of LGG course and consecutive cerebral reorganization, a multistage longitudinal strategy should be tailored accordingly in each patient. It is crucial to predict how the glioma will progress (changes in growth rate and pattern of migration, genetic mutation, etc.) and how the brain will adapt (changes in patterns of spatiotemporal redistribution, possible functional consequences such as epilepsy or cognitive decline, etc.). The goal is to anticipate therapeutic management, remaining one step ahead in order to select the optimal (re-)treatment(s) (some of them possibly kept in reserve), at the appropriate time(s) in the evolution of this chronic disease, before malignization and clinical worsening.
  • 695
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
miR-124-3p Microglial Exosomes in Traumatic Brain Injury Repair
Microglial exosomes, particularly those carrying miR-124-3p, have emerged as promising candidates for therapeutic interventions in TBI. These exosomes exhibit neuroprotective effects, attenuate neuroinflammation, and promote neuronal repair and plasticity.
  • 695
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Human Monocytes Plasticity in Neurodegeneration
Monocytes are characterized by a remarkable degree of plasticity and ability to rapidly adapt to a wide range of microenvironments. A number of studies have demonstrated the importance of epigenetics in the regulation of monocyte phenotypes. Epigenetic modifications are influenced by diverse factors able to induce cell-specific changes to the environmental exposure.
  • 693
  • 08 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Retina
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) belong to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The family of mAChRs is composed of five subtypes, M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5, which have distinct expression patterns and functions. In the eye and its adnexa, mAChRs are widely expressed and exert multiple functions, such as modulation of tear secretion, regulation of pupil size, modulation of intraocular pressure, participation in cell-to-cell signaling and modula-tion of vascular diameter in the retina. Due to this variety of functions, it is reasonable to assume that abnormalities in mAChR signaling may contribute to the development of various ocular diseases. On the other hand, mAChRs may offer an attractive therapeutic target to treat ocular diseases. Thus far, non-subtype-selective mAChR ligands have been used in ophthalmology to treat dry eye disease, myopia and glaucoma. However, these drugs were shown to cause various side-effects. Thus, the use of subtype-selective ligands would be useful to circumvent this problem.
  • 692
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Movement Disorders Secondary to Drugs
Drug-induced movement disorders affect a significant percentage of individuals, and they are commonly overlooked and underdiagnosed in clinical practice. Many comorbidities can affect these individuals, making the diagnosis even more challenging. Several variables, including genetics, environmental factors, and aging, can play a role in the pathophysiology of these conditions. 
  • 692
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Alternate Causes for Pathogenesis of Exfoliation Glaucoma
Exfoliation glaucoma (XFG) is the most recognizable form of secondary open-angle glaucoma associated with a high risk of blindness. This disease is characterized by white flaky granular deposits in the anterior chamber that leads to the elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) and subsequent glaucomatous optic nerve damage. Conventionally, XFG is known to respond poorly to medical therapy, and surgical intervention is the only management option in most cases.
  • 691
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Inflammatory and Neuroglial Aspects of Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized at its core by inflammation involving the gray and white matter of the CNS in a multifocal pattern. It results in demyelinating lesions, focal areas of inflammation characterized by myelin sheath damage surrounded by leukocyte infiltration (macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes), blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, but also complement and immunoglobulin deposition.
  • 691
  • 01 Mar 2023
Topic Review Video
Role of Mitochondria in Alzheimer’s Disease Pathogenesis
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive and incurable neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects persons aged 65 years and above. It causes dementia with memory loss and deterioration in thinking and language skills. AD is characterized by specific pathology resulting from the accumulation in the brain of extracellular plaques of amyloid-β and intracellular tangles of phosphorylated tau. The importance of mitochondrial dysfunction in AD pathogenesis, while previously underrecognized, is now more and more appreciated. Mitochondria are an essential organelle involved in cellular bioenergetics and signaling pathways. Mitochondrial processes crucial for synaptic activity such as mitophagy, mitochondrial trafficking, mitochondrial fission, and mitochondrial fusion are dysregulated in the AD brain. Excess fission and fragmentation yield mitochondria with low energy production. Reduced glucose metabolism is also observed in the AD brain with a hypometabolic state, particularly in the temporo-parietal brain regions.
  • 691
  • 11 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Mechanism of Siponimod
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), and represents one of the main causes of disability in young adults. The Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator, siponimod, does not just ameliorate the inflammatory aspect but also the degenerative aspect of secondary progressive MS. 
  • 690
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of IL18 in Disease
Interleukin 18 (IL18) was originally identified as an inflammation-induced cytokine that is secreted by immune cells. An increasing number of studies have focused on its non-immunological functions, with demonstrated functions for IL18 in energy homeostasis and neural stability. IL18 is reportedly required for lipid metabolism in the liver and brown adipose tissue. Furthermore, IL18 (Il18) deficiency in mice leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in hippocampal cells, resulting in depressive-like symptoms and cognitive impairment. 
  • 689
  • 20 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Corticolimbic GABAergic Interneurons and Opioidergic System
Mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic pathways are extensive and consist of various subregions from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the limbic system, and the cortical areas. These neuronal projections are primarily involved in reward, motivational behaviors, and cognitive functions. The coexistence of opioid and GABA receptors on these neurons and their functional interplay enable the modulation of dopaminergic system in VTA. By understanding the receptor's co-localization and their immunochemical markers, clinicians and researchers gain a comprehensive understanding of the neuronal circuits contributing to the reward system.
  • 687
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation in Gambling and Gaming
Gambling disorder (GD) and internet gaming disorder (IGD) are formally recognized behavioral addictions with a rapidly growing prevalence and limited treatment options. Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) techniques have emerged as potentially promising interventions for improving treatment outcomes by ameliorating cognitive functions implicated in addictive behaviors.
  • 687
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Injury and Regeneration in the Peripheral Nervous System
Nerve axonal injury and associated cellular mechanisms leading to peripheral nerve damage are important topics of research necessary for reducing disability and enhancing quality of life. Model systems that mimic the biological changes that occur during human nerve injury are crucial for the identification of cellular responses, screening of novel therapeutic molecules, and design of neural regeneration strategies. In addition to in vivo and mathematical models, in vitro axonal injury models provide a simple, robust, and reductionist platform to partially understand nerve injury pathogenesis and regeneration. In recent years, there have been several advances related to in vitro techniques that focus on the utilization of custom-fabricated cell culture chambers, microfluidic chamber systems, and injury techniques such as laser ablation and axonal stretching. These developments seem to reflect a gradual and natural progression towards understanding molecular and signaling events at an individual axon and neuronal-soma level. We attempt to categorize and discuss various in vitro models of injury relevant to the peripheral nervous system and highlight their strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities. Such models will help to recreate the post-injury microenvironment and aid in the development of therapeutic strategies that can accelerate nerve repair. 
  • 686
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Management of Antithrombotic Therapy in Post-Myocardial Infarction Patients
The association between atrial fibrillation (AF), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and stroke is a complex scenario in which the assessment of both thrombotic and hemorrhagic risk is necessary for scheduling an individually tailored therapeutic plan. 
  • 686
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Oligodendrocyte and Myelin Energy Metabolism in Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by demyelination and neurodegeneration. Oligodendrocytes play a vital role in maintaining the integrity of myelin, the protective sheath around nerve fibres essential for efficient signal transmission. 
  • 685
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Multiple Sclerosis Lesion Pathology
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease characterised by inflammation, extensive primary demyelination and progressive neurodegenerative processes.
  • 683
  • 31 Aug 2023
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