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Topic Review
Ion-Selective Electrodes Sensitive to Nitrates Ions
Ion-selective electrodes are a popular analytical tool useful in the analysis of cations and anions in environmental, industrial and clinical samples. 
  • 2.4K
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Materials and Applications of Smart Contact Lenses
Smart contact lenses (SCLs) have found applications in the continuous monitoring of ocular parameters, encompassing both physical characteristics, such as pressure and temperature, as well as chemical markers like glucose levels, protein content, and pH. These physiological indicators are intricately linked to human well-being, with noteworthy implications for health.
  • 2.4K
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Intravenous Coenzyme Q10 Administration in Emergency Ischemic Conditions
Coenzyme CoQ10 (CoQ10) is an endogenous lipid-soluble antioxidant that effectively protects lipids, proteins, and DNA from oxidation due to its ability to undergo redox transitions between oxidized and reduced forms. Various oxidative stress-associated infectious and somatic diseases have been observed to disrupt the balance of CoQ10 concentration in tissues. As a high molecular weight polar lipophilic compound, CoQ10 exhibits very limited oral bioavailability, which restrains its therapeutic potential. Nevertheless, numerous studies have confirmed the clinical efficacy of CoQ10 therapy through oral administration of high doses over extended time periods. Experimental studies have demonstrated that in emergency situations, intravenous administration of both oxidized and reduced-form CoQ10 leads to a rapid increase in its concentration in organ tissues, offering protection for organ tissues in ischemic conditions. This suggests that the cardio- and neuroprotective efficacy of intravenously administered CoQ10 forms could present new opportunities in treating acute ischemic conditions. 
  • 2.4K
  • 25 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Hybrid Rye Breeding and Production
Hybrid rye breeding leads to considerably higher grain yield and a higher revenue to the farmer. The basis of hybrid seed production is the CMS-inducing Pampa (P) cytoplasm derived from an Argentinean landrace and restorer-to-fertility (Rf) genes. Breeding is based on inbred line development and intensive testing for line per se performance and general combining ability (GCA). The finally selected inbred lines are used to compose a topcross hybrid with two genetically different seed parent lines (A-P, B-N) and a restorer synthetic composed of two S2 lines (SynRf). European restorer sources show low-to-moderate pollen-fertility levels. This results in higher susceptibility to ergot (Claviceps purpurea) because rye pollen and ergot spores are in strong competition for the unfertilized stigma. Rf genes from non-adapted Iranian primitive rye and old Argentinean cultivars proved to be most effective. The major Rf gene in these sources was localized on chromosome 4RL, which is also a hotspot of restoration in other Triticeae. Commercial hybrids with these Rf genes showed a similar low ergot infection when compared with population cultivars. The great future challenges of climate change, such as increased drought stress tolerance, improved lodging tolerance, as well as the increasing need for resistant varieties can effectively only be met by hybrid breeding.
  • 2.4K
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
Evaluating Geothermal Systems through Life Cycle Assessment
In these days of heightened environmental consciousness, many countries are shifting their focus towards renewable energy sources for both large-scale uses (such as power plants that generate electricity) and smaller-scale applications (e.g., building heating and cooling). Taking into account a holistic method, LCA on the one hand allows to display the whole life cycle of a system from the extraction of raw materials, its creation to the production phase and finally to its disposal. On the other hand, it reveals through multiple environmental impact categories, the hot spots that account for the different stages of the cycle defining the environmental identity of the system and consequently driving policy makers on taking final decisions. Geothermal energy is an extremely viable alternative that, combined with other renewable energy systems, may mitigate the negative effects of the existing energy mix worldwide.
  • 2.4K
  • 18 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Circulatory Management of Polymer Waste
In modern society, it is impossible to imagine life without polymeric materials. However, managing the waste composed of these materials is one of the most significant environmental issues confronting us in the present day. Recycling polymeric waste is the most important action currently available to reduce environmental impacts worldwide and is one of the most dynamic areas in industry today. Utilizing this waste could not only benefit the environment but also promote sustainable development and circular economy management. In its program statement, the European Union has committed to support the use of sorted polymeric waste. This study reviews recent attempts to recycle this waste and convert it by alternative technologies into fine, nano-, and microscale fibers using electrospinning, blowing, melt, or centrifugal spinning.
  • 2.4K
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Subretinal Injection Techniques for Retinal Disease
Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) affect an estimated 1 in every 2000 people, this corresponding to nearly 2 million cases worldwide. Currently, 270 genes have been associated with IRDs, most of them altering the function of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium. Gene therapy has been proposed as a potential tool for improving visual function in these patients.
  • 2.4K
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Psychology of Social Class
The psychology of social class is a branch of social psychology dedicated to understanding how social class affects individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. While social class has long been a subject of analysis in fields such as sociology, political science, anthropology, medicine and epidemiology, its emergence within the field of psychology is much more recent.
  • 2.4K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Ubuntu in Post-Apartheid South Africa
Ubuntu has been defined as a moral quality of human beings, as a philosophy or an ethic, as African humanism, and as a worldview. 
  • 2.4K
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
A History of Myology
Myology is the science that studies muscles, their physical structure, type of fibers, specific function, and the connections with nerves and between different muscle groups. Interest in Myology includes also neuromuscular disorders. For most of the 20th century, Myology was considered a part of Neurology, while currently it is recognized as an autonomous discipline both at the research and the medical level. From a research point of view, we have witnessed the birth and flourishing of new scientific societies, such as the European Society for Muscle Research (1970), the Mediterranean Society of Myology (1993), the World Muscle Society (1995), the Institute of Myology (1996), the Italian Association of Myology (2000), the British Myology Society (2009), the French Society of Myology(2011), and numerous conferences concerning neuromuscular disorders, In particular, the annual meetings of the World Muscle Society and the Italian Association of Myology will have this year at their future meetings respectively in Charleston and Padova.
  • 2.4K
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Targeting NF-κB Signaling for MM
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematologic malignancy in the world. Even though survival rates have significantly risen over the past years, MM remains incurable, and is also far from reaching the point of being managed as a chronic disease.
  • 2.4K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Preservation Technologies of Meat
Preservation of foods modifies their composition. These changes are reflected in organoleptic characteristics and nutritional value. Knowing these changes helps to anticipate the consumer’s response. In the particular case of meat different preservation methods are applied. Among the novel preservation methods highlight smart packaging technologies and use of natural antioxidants. These  preservation techniques leads to physicochemical changes in meat which favorable impact the sensory and nutritional attributes of meat derivatives. This entry describes the effects of preservation technologies on sensory and nutritional quality of meat products. 
  • 2.4K
  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Parinama-vada (Hindu Thought)
Pariṇāma-vāda (Sanskrit: परिणामवाद), or theTransformation theory is that which pre-supposes the cause to be continually transforming itself into its effects, and it has three variations – the Satkarya-vada of the Samkhyas, the Prakrti Parinama-vada of the Saiva Siddhanta and the Brahma-Parinama-vada of the Vishishtadvaita Vedanta School of Thought.
  • 2.4K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bioactive Compounds of Sappan Wood
Sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan) is a tropical hardwood tree found in Southeast Asia. Sappan wood contains a water-soluble compound, which imparts a red color named brazilin. Sappan wood is utilized to produce dye for fabric and coloring agents for food and beverages, such as wine and meat. As a valuable medicinal plant, the tree is also known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. It has been observed that sappan wood contains various bioactive compounds, including brazilin, brazilein, sappan chalcone, and protosappanin A. It has also been discovered that these substances have various health advantages; they lower inflammation, enhance blood circulation, and are anti-oxidative in nature. Sappan wood has been used as a medicine to address a range of illnesses, such as gastrointestinal problems, respiratory infections, and skin conditions. Studies have also suggested that sappan wood may have anticarcinogenic potential as it possesses cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. 
  • 2.4K
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Variant Chinese Character
Variant Chinese characters (simplified Chinese: 异体字; traditional Chinese: 異體字; pinyin: yìtǐzì; Kanji: 異体字; Hepburn: itaiji; Korean: 이체자; Hanja: 異體字; Revised Romanization: icheja) are Chinese characters that are homophones and synonyms. Most variants are allographs in most circumstances, such as casual handwriting. Some contexts require the usage of certain variants, such as in textbook editing.
  • 2.4K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Training Simulators for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy is the gold standard in the detection and treatment of early and advanced GI cancers. However, conventional endoscopic techniques are technically demanding and require visual-spatial skills and significant hands-on experience. GI endoscopy simulators represent a valid solution to allow doctors to practice in a pre-clinical scenario.
  • 2.4K
  • 09 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Rangtong-Shentong
Rangtong and shentong are two distinctive views on emptiness (sunyata) and the two truths doctrine within Tibetan Buddhism. Rangtong (Tibetan: རང་སྟོང་, Wylie: rang stong; "empty of self-nature") is a philosophical term in Tibetan Buddhism that is used to distinguish the majority Madhyamaka teaching on the meaning of śūnyatā or "emptiness", namely that all phenomena are empty of an enduring and/or unchanging essence or "self," and that this emptiness is not an absolute reality, but a mere nominal characterisation of phenomena. It is related to the prasangika approach, which argues that no syllogistic forms of reasoning should be used to debate the notion of inherent existence, but only arguments which show the logical implications and absurdity of positions based upon inherent existence. This position is the mainstream Gelugpa interpretation of Madhyamaka, one of the main Mahayana schools, which dominates Vajrayana Buddhism. Shentong (Tibetan: གཞན་སྟོང་, Wylie: gzhan stong, Lhasa dialect: [ɕɛ̃̀tṍŋ], also transliterated zhäntong or zhentong; literally "other-emptiness") is a position within Tibetan Madhyamaka. It applies śūnyatā in a specific way, agreeing that relative reality is empty of self-nature, but stating that absolute reality (Paramarthasatya)[note 1] is "non-dual Buddhajnana"[note 2] and "empty" (Wylie: stong) only of "other," (Wylie: gzhan) relative phenomena, but is itself not empty and "truly existing." This absolute reality is described by positive terms, an approach which helps "to overcome certain residual subtle concepts" and "the habit [...] of negating whatever experience arises in his/her mind." It destroys false concepts, as does prasangika, but it also alerts the practitioner "to the presence of a dynamic, positive Reality that is to be experienced once the conceptual mind is defeated." Shentong was systematized and articulated under that name by Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen (1292–1361), who identified absolute reality with the Buddha-nature. Shentong was suppressed by the dominant Gelug school for several hundred years, equally for political reasons as doctrinal reasons. In 1658, the Gelug authorities banned the Jonang school for political reasons, forcibly converting its monks and monasteries to the Gelug school, as well as banning shentong philosophy and books, thus making the rangtong position the overwhelmingly majority one in Tibetan Buddhism. After this suppression various shentong views were propagated mainly by Karma Kagyu and Nyingma lamas. The 19th century saw a revival of Shentong-views, and continued with the Rimé movement. Nowadays Shentong is present primarily as the main philosophical theory of the Jonang school, although it is also taught by the Sakya and Kagyu schools, where it is identified with centerless awareness.
  • 2.4K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Ethnomedicinal Properties and Pharmacological Uses of Moringa oleifera
Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera), the “miracle tree”, thrives globally in almost all tropical and subtropical regions, but it is believed to be native to Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. The Moringa family comprises 13 species (M. oleifera, M. arborea, M. rivae, M. ruspoliana, M. drouhardii, M. hildebrandtii, M. concanensis, M. borziana, M. longituba, M. pygmaea, M. ovalifolia, M. peregrina, M. stenopetala), of which M. oleifera has become well known for its use in nutrition, biogas production, fertilizer, etc. Moringa has the unique property of tolerating drought. Studies have shown that M. oleifera is among the cheapest and most reliable alternatives for good nutrition. Nearly all parts of the tree are used for their essential nutrients. M. oleifera leaves have a high content of beta-carotene, minerals, calcium, and potassium. Dried leaves have an oleic acid content of about 70%, which makes them suitable for making moisturizers. The powdered leaves are used to make many beverages, of which “Zija” is the most popular in India. The bark of the tree is considered very useful in the treatment of different disorders such as ulcers, toothache, and hypertension. Roots, however, are found to have a role in the treatment of toothache, helminthiasis, and paralysis. The flowers are used to treat ulcers, enlarged spleen, and to produce aphrodisiac substances. The tree is believed to have incredible properties in treating malnutrition in infants and lactating mothers. 
  • 2.4K
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Cellulose Fiber
Cellulose Fiber (CF) is one of the most abundant natural resources in the world, and it is widely found in agricultural residues, such as rice straw, rice husk, maize straw, bagasse, wood shavings, wood chips, bamboo chips, etc. These agricultural residues are mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, wax and some water-soluble materials. Cellulose is the most important component of CF, and its chemical formula is (C6H10O5)n. 
  • 2.4K
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Canine Seventh Lumbar Vertebra Fracture
Lumbosacral traumatic injuries are reported as 39% of canine vertebral lesions. This area is prone to fracture and luxation. Non-ambulatory paraparesis/plegia, sciatic nerve involvement, faecal/urinary incontinence, and severe back lumbar pain were the most reported signs. Survey radiographs were the most reported technique to confirm the diagnoses. The seventh lumbar vertebra fracture, despite the different surgical techniques performed, had a favourable prognosis for long-term outcome and neurological recovery. 
  • 2.4K
  • 23 Feb 2022
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