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Topic Review
Epigenetic Mechanisms of Tree Responses to Climatic Changes
Forest trees are complex perennial organisms that are adapted to the local environment as a result of prevailing climate conditions in population history. Because they lead a sedentary lifestyle, plants are exposed to various environmental stimuli, such as changes which can lead to the rapid adjustment or failure of their defence mechanisms. As forests play a crucial role in environmental homeostasis and are the source of many products, it is crucial to estimate the position of forest trees’ plasticity mechanisms in the face of climate change. Fast epigenetic adjustment is the basis for surviving climate fluctuations, however, the question is whether this mechanism will also be efficient if climate fluctuations increase. Epigenetic modifications enable rapid reactions to the inducing stimulus by establishing chromatin patterns and manipulating gene expression without affecting the DNA itself.
  • 683
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Hypoxia's Influence on Bone Remodeling Molecular Pathways
Bone remodeling is a crucial physiological process for maintaining skeletal health. It focuses on the central roles of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, as well as the composition of the bone's extracellular matrix. Furthermore, it explores the impact of hypoxia, or low oxygen levels, on bone health and elucidates the responsible molecular mechanisms. While bone remodeling units (BMUs), their cellular components, and the phases of the remodeling cycle remain not fully understood, the text also addresses systemic and local factors, including the critical RANK-RANKL-OPG pathway, that govern bone remodeling. This contributes to a comprehensive understanding of this intricate biological process.
  • 683
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Management of Craniopharyngiomas
Craniopharyngiomas (CPs) currently represent one of the most challenging diseases to deal with in the group of skull base tumors. Due to their location near, within, or surrounding the pituitary gland and stalk, CPs can be revealed by pituitary tumor syndrome and/or symptoms of hormonal deficiencies.
  • 682
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles from Human Perinatal Stem Cells
The potential of perinatal tissues to provide cellular populations to be used in different applications of regenerative medicine is well established. Efforts of researchers are being addressed regarding the evaluation of cell products (secreted molecules or extracellular vesicles, EVs) to be used as an alternative to cellular infusion. The data regarding the effective recapitulation of most perinatal cells’ properties by their secreted complement point in this direction. EVs secreted from perinatal cells exhibit key therapeutic effects such as tissue repair and regeneration, the suppression of inflammatory responses, immune system modulation, and a variety of other functions. 
  • 681
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Airway Epithelium in Asthma Pathobiology
The features of allergic asthma are believed to be mediated mostly through the Th2 immune response. In this Th2-dominant concept, the airway epithelium is presented as the helpless victim of Th2 cytokines. Asthma researchers started believing in that the airway epithelium played a crucial role, as alarmins, which are the inducers of type 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2), are almost exclusively secreted by the airway epithelium. This underscores the eminence of airway epithelium in asthma pathogenesis. However, the airway epithelium has a bipartite functionality in sustaining healthy lung homeostasis and asthmatic lungs. On the one hand, the airway epithelium maintains lung homeostasis against environmental irritants/pollutants with the aid of its various armamentaria, including its chemosensory apparatus and detoxification system. Alternatively, it induces an ILC2-mediated type 2 immune response through alarmins to amplify the inflammatory response. However, the available evidence indicates that restoring epithelial health may attenuate asthmatic features.
  • 680
  • 16 Mar 2023
Topic Review
DNA-Repair-Directed Precision Oncology Strategies in Epithelial Ovarian Cancers
The DNA-repair-directed precision oncology strategy has generated hope for patients. The clinical use of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in BRCA germ-line-deficient and/or platinum-sensitive epithelial ovarian cancers has improved survival.
  • 680
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma in the HIV Setting
Despite the widespread use of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) and the subsequent decrease in AIDS-defining cancers, HIV-related lymphomas remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in people with HIV (PWH). Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) subtype in PWH. This lymphoma is a heterogeneous disease including morphological variants and molecular subtypes according to the cell of origin or the mutation profile.
  • 680
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
SPARC Gene in Mesothelioma
The SPARC gene plays multiple roles in extracellular matrix synthesis and cell shaping, associated with tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. The SPARC gene is also involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, which is a critical phenomenon leading to a more aggressive cancer cell phenotype. SPARC gene overexpression has shown to be associated with poor survival in the mesothelioma (MESO) cohort from the TCGA database, indicating that this gene may be a powerful prognostic factor in MESO. 
  • 680
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
GJB2 Missense Variants
The GJB2 gene is the most common gene responsible for hearing loss (HL) worldwide, and missense variants are the most abundant type. GJB2 pathogenic missense variants cause nonsyndromic HL (autosomal recessive and dominant) and syndromic HL combined with skin diseases.
  • 679
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Trichogenic Nanoparticles of Trichoderma
Trichoderma is the asexual stage of the filamentous Hypocrea genus belonging to the Ascomycota fungi division. The species of this genus are free-living saprophytic fungi found in all soils, with an average presence in temperate and tropical soils of nearly 101-103 culturable propagules per gram.
  • 677
  • 13 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Host Factors Affect the Gut Microbiome
Living organisms in nature exist as communities of various species, interacting closely with each other. Microbial organisms are also present as heterogeneous populations. Microbial organisms frequently appear as a dense mixture of various species to interact with each other in nature.
  • 676
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
High-Density Lipoprotein and Multiple Myeloma
Lipid metabolism is intrinsically linked to tumorigenesis. And one of the most important characteristics of cancer is the modification of lipid metabolism and its correlation with oncogenic signaling pathways within the tumors. Because lipids function as signaling molecules, membrane structures, and energy sources, lipids are essential to the development of cancer.
  • 674
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
IL-6 Cytokine Family in Breast Cancer
The IL-6 cytokine family is a group of signaling molecules with wide expression and function across vertebrates.  Each member of the family signals by binding to its specific receptor and at least one molecule of gp130, which is the common transmembrane receptor subunit for the whole group. Signal transduction upon stimulation of the receptor complex results in the activation of multiple downstream cascades, among which, in mammary cells, the JAK-STAT3 pathway plays a central role. The role of the IL-6 cytokine family—specifically IL-6 itself, LIF, OSM, and IL-11—as relevant players during breast cancer progression was summarized. The evidence indicating that this group of soluble factors may be used for early and more precise breast cancer diagnosis and to design targeted therapy to treat or even prevent metastasis development,particularly to the bone. Expression profiles and possible therapeutic use of their specific receptors in the different breast cancer subtypes are also described. In addition, participation of these cytokines in pathologies of the breast linked to lactation and involution of the gland, as post-partum breast cancer and mastitis, is discussed.
  • 673
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Early Lung Cancer Detection
Lung cancer remains the first cause of cancer worldwide. The main reason for this high rate of death from lung cancer is dissemination of the disease at the time of presentation to hospital due to late diagnosis. There is an urgent need to identify and validate non-invasive biomarkers for the early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of lung cancer for improved patient management.
  • 673
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Naked and Damaraland Mole-Rats
The naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) and the Damaraland mole-rat (Fukomys damarensis) possess extreme reproductive skew with a single reproductive female responsible for reproduction.
  • 672
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Effect of Long-Term Bio-Compost on Soil Microbial Community
High dosages of bio-compost significantly increased the bacterial and fungal richness. The compositions of bacterial and fungal communities were significantly altered by bio-compost addition. Bio-compost addition enriched the relative abundance of beneficial microorganisms (such as Sphingomonas, Acidibacter, Nocardioides, etc.) and reduced the relative abundance of harmful microorganisms (such as Stachybotrys and Aspergillus). Bio-composts altered the soil bacterial-community metabolic function with respect to carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles and fungal community trophic modes. Suitable bio-compost addition is beneficial to the improvement of soil health and crop quality and therefore the sustainability of agriculture.
  • 671
  • 02 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Zebrafish Larvae Behavior Models for Pre-Clinical Assays
Phenotype-based screenings can transpose the organism’s compensatory pathways by adopting multi-target strategies for treating complex diseases, and zebrafish emerged as an important model for biomedical research and drug screenings. Zebrafish’s clear correlation between neuro-anatomical and physiological features and behavior is very similar to that verified in mammals, enabling the construction of reliable and relevant experimental models for neurological disorders research. Zebrafish presents highly conserved physiological pathways that are found in higher vertebrates, including mammals, along with a robust behavioral repertoire. Moreover, it is very sensitive to pharmacological/environmental manipulations, and these behavioral phenotypes are detected in both larvae and adults. These advantages align with the 3Rs concept and qualify the zebrafish as a powerful tool for drug screenings and pre-clinical trials.
  • 671
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Role of Enhancer-Mediated Transcriptional Regulation in Precision Biology
The emergence of precision biology has been driven by the development of advanced technologies and techniques in high-resolution biological research systems. Enhancer-mediated transcriptional regulation, a complex network of gene expression and regulation in eukaryotes, has attracted significant attention as a promising avenue for investigating the underlying mechanisms of biological processes and diseases. To address biological problems with precision, large amounts of data, functional information, and research on the mechanisms of action of biological molecules is required to address biological problems with precision. Enhancers, including typical enhancers and super enhancers, play a crucial role in gene expression and regulation within this network. The identification and targeting of disease-associated enhancers hold the potential to advance precision medicine.
  • 671
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor Cells and DNA in Precision Oncology
Liquid biopsies allow for the detection of cancer biomarkers such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). Elevated levels of these biomarkers during cancer treatment could potentially serve as indicators of cancer progression and shed light on the mechanisms of metastasis and therapy resistance. Thus, liquid biopsies serve as tools for cancer detection and monitoring through a simple, non-invasive blood draw, allowing multiple longitudinal sampling. These circulating markers have significant prospects for use in assessing patients’ prognosis, monitoring response to therapy, and developing precision medicine. In addition, single-cell omics of these liquid biopsy markers can be potential tools for identifying tumor heterogeneity and plasticity as well as novel therapeutic targets.
  • 670
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Circulating miRNAs in Bone Fragility
Osteoporosis, one of the leading causes of bone fractures, is characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue, which are associated with a consequent increase in bone fragility and predisposition to fracture. Current screening tools are limited in estimating the proper assessment of fracture risk, highlighting the need to discover novel more suitable biomarkers. Genetic and environmental factors are both implicated in this disease. Increasing evidence suggests that epigenetics and, in particular, miRNAs, may represent a link between these factors and an increase of fracture risk. miRNAs are a class of small noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression. In the last decade, several miRNAs have been associated with the development of osteoporosis and bone fracture risk, opening up new possibilities in precision medicine. Recently, these molecules have been identified in several biological fluids, and the possible existence of a circulating miRNA (c-miRNA) signature years before the fracture occurrence is suggested.
  • 669
  • 22 Jun 2021
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