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Topic Review
Electric Vehicle Batteries Reuse
It is a fact that electric vehicles (EVs) are beneficial for climate protection. However, the current challenge is to decide on whether to reuse an EV battery or to recycle it after its first use. The concept of reusing (second life) of the battery is promising because, at the end of the first life, batteries from EVs can be used in several applications such as storing energy generated from renewable sources to support the government grid. 
  • 2.5K
  • 23 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Photo-/Electro-Driven Thermochromic Smart Windows
Thermochromic smart windows can automatically control solar radiation according to the ambient temperature. Compared with photochromic and electrochromic smart windows, they have a stronger applicability and lower energy consumption, and have a wide range of application prospects in the field of building energy efficiency. This entry describes that trends of photo-/electro-driven thermochromic smart windows.
  • 2.5K
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Doubled Haploids in Tomato
The generation of new hybrid varieties of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the most widely used breeding method for this species and requires at least seven self-fertilization cycles to generate stable parent lines. The development of doubled haploids aims at obtaining completely homozygous lines in a single generation.
  • 2.5K
  • 23 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Chitin and Chitin Biosynthesis in Filamentous Fungi
Chitin, a major structural component of the fungal cell wall, synthesized via the activityof the enzyme chitin synthase (chs), has become a high-profifile target for investigating the effect on morphology, development and pathogenicity of filamentous fungi. Besides, disruption of chitin biosynthesis can modify the mycelial morphology of filamentous fungi and regulate the biosynthesis of the target metabolites during submerged fermentation. Thus, we summarize the classifification, structure and function of chs enzymes, the biosynthetic pathway of chitin of filamentous fungi. 
  • 2.5K
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Lynx
Lynx is a faint constellation located in the northern celestial hemisphere, bordered by Ursa Major, Auriga, Gemini, and Cancer. Named after the wild cat known for its keen vision, Lynx is notable for its lack of bright stars but contains several galaxies and deep-sky objects, making it of interest to astronomers.
  • 2.5K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Production of Bacterial Cellulose
Cellulose is the most liberal and viable sustainable polymer, and it is the one that is predominantly utilized. Though cellulose is considered a plant-based product, several fermentation techniques showed positive results in producing alternative sources of cellulose from bacterial genera.
  • 2.5K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Rex Shunt
Rex shunt, which was first put in use in 1992, has been considered as an ideal surgical method for the treatment of extra-hepatic portal venous obstruction (EHPVO) due to its reconstruction of the hepatopetal portal blood flow. 
  • 2.5K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a form of psychotherapy in which the person being treated is asked to recall distressing images; the therapist then directs the patient in one type of bilateral stimulation, such as side-to-side eye rapid movement or hand tapping. EMDR was developed by Francine Shapiro starting in 1988. According to the 2013 World Health Organization (WHO) practice guideline: "This therapy [EMDR] is based on the idea that negative thoughts, feelings and behaviours are the result of unprocessed memories. The treatment involves standardized procedures that include focusing simultaneously on (a) spontaneous associations of traumatic images, thoughts, emotions and bodily sensations and (b) bilateral stimulation that is most commonly in the form of repeated eye movements." EMDR is included in several evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with varying levels of recommendation and evidence (very low to moderate per WHO stress guidelines). As of 2020, the American Psychological Association lists EMDR as an evidence-based treatment for PTSD but stresses that "the available evidence can be interpreted in several ways" and notes there is debate about the precise mechanism by which EMDR appears to relieve PTSD symptoms with some evidence EMDR may simply be a variety of exposure therapy. Even though EMDR is effective, critics call it a pseudoscience because only the desensitization component has scientific support.
  • 2.5K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Belching
Belching is defined as “an audible escape of air from the esophagus or the stomach into the pharynx”.
  • 2.5K
  • 26 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Geopolymer Binders
Based on numerous studies conducted in recent years, geopolymer binders are considered to be sustainable and environmentally friendly cementitious materials and are attractive in terms of their good cost–performance ratio due to low energy consuming production process and use of secondary raw materials instead of virgin ones [1][2].
  • 2.5K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Senotherapy
During aging, many biological processes are altered, which globally induce the dysfunction of the whole organism. Cell senescence is one of the causes of this modification. Nowadays, several drugs approved for anticancer therapy have been repurposed to treat senescence, and others are under scrutiny in vitro and in vivo. In particular, molecules named “senomorphics” have been used to prevent or to slow down aging; meanwhile ,those that have been recently identified to induce apoptosis in senescent cells, reducing their number, are called "senolytics”
  • 2.5K
  • 17 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Heavy Metals in Plants
The heavy metal cadmium (Cd), as one of the major environmentally toxic pollutants, has serious impacts on the growth, development, and physiological functions of plants and animals, leading to deterioration of environmental quality and threats to human health. 
  • 2.5K
  • 06 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Fludeoxyglucose (18F)
Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F) (INN), or fluorodeoxyglucose F 18 (USAN and USP), also commonly called fluorodeoxyglucose and abbreviated [18F]FDG, 18F-FDG or FDG, is a radiopharmaceutical used in the medical imaging modality positron emission tomography (PET). Chemically, it is 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose, a glucose analog, with the positron-emitting radionuclide fluorine-18 substituted for the normal hydroxyl group at the C-2 position in the glucose molecule. The uptake of 18F-FDG by tissues is a marker for the tissue uptake of glucose, which in turn is closely correlated with certain types of tissue metabolism. After 18F-FDG is injected into a patient, a PET scanner can form two-dimensional or three-dimensional images of the distribution of 18F-FDG within the body. Since its development in 1976, 18F-FDG had a profound influence on research in the neurosciences. The subsequent discovery in 1980 that 18F-FDG accumulates in tumors underpins the evolution of PET as a major clinical tool in cancer diagnosis. 18F-FDG is now the standard radiotracer used for PET neuroimaging and cancer patient management. The images can be assessed by a nuclear medicine physician or radiologist to provide diagnoses of various medical conditions.
  • 2.5K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Structures and Characteristics of Cellulose and Nanocellulose
Nickerson and Habrl extracted nanomaterials named nanocellulose (NC) from cotton linters by using sulfuric-acid hydrolysis in 1947. Since then, various physical and chemical properties of NC, such as its low weight, low cost, high strength, stiffness, and non-toxic properties have been comprehensively investigated in both academia and industry.
  • 2.5K
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Global 200
The Global 200 is the list of ecoregions identified by WWF, the global conservation organization, as priorities for conservation. According to WWF, an ecoregion is defined as a "relatively large unit of land or water containing a characteristic set of natural communities that share a large majority of their species dynamics, and environmental conditions". So, for example, based on their levels of endemism, Madagascar gets multiple listings, ancient Lake Baikal gets one, and the North American Great Lakes get none. The WWF assigns a conservation status to each ecoregion in the Global 200: critical or endangered; vulnerable; and relatively stable or intact. Over half of the ecoregions in the Global 200 are rated endangered.
  • 2.5K
  • 06 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Silphium
The chemical composition of three Silphium species in the aspect of the possibility of their use for various purposes has been evaluated. The plant material of three Silphium species (S. perfoliatum, S. trifoliatum and S. integrifolium) was acquired from cultivation located in eastern Poland. The vegetative propagating material consisted of seeds and rhizomes. Content of protein (up to 22.9% in leaves of S. perfoliatum), amino acids (aspartic acid—up to 12.0%, glutamic acid—up to 9.5%, and leucine—up to 9.4%), fat (up to 4.2% in inflorescences of S. perfoliatum), cellulose (up to 42.9% in stems of S. trifoliatum), water-soluble sugars (up to 26.7% in rhizomes of S. perfoliatum) and mineral substances (ash up to 20.9% in stems of S. integrifolium, with significant levels of elements such as K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn) in the tested Silphium species can be an important criterion determining a positive evaluation of these plants as sources of alternative raw materials. The conducted research is meant to draw attention to the possibility of use of the biomass of three Silphium species as a potential source of ecological and renewable raw material for food, pharmaceuticals, feed and possibly also for energy generation purposes.
  • 2.5K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Endocannabinoid Signaling in Parkinson’s Disease
This review focuses on what endocannabinoid means related to its possible action in the treatment of Parkinson's disease symptoms, also presenting the role of cannabinoid receptors in these symptoms, but also in terms of the cause and treatment of this pathology. Current pharmacotherapy of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is symptomatic and palliative, with levodopa/carbidopa therapy remaining the prime treatment, and nevertheless, being unable to modulate the progression of the neurodegeneration. No available treatment for PD can enhance the patient’s life-quality by regressing this diseased state. Various studies have encouraged the enrichment of treatment possibilities by discovering the association of the effects of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in PD. These reviews delineate the reported evidence from the literature on the neuromodulatory role of the endocannabinoid system and expression of cannabinoid receptors in symptomatology, cause, and treatment of PD progression, wherein cannabinoid (CB) signalling experiences alterations of biphasic pattern during PD progression. Published papers to date were searched via MEDLINE, PubMed, etc., using specific key words in the topic of our manuscript. Endocannabinoids regulate the basal ganglia neuronal circuit pathways, synaptic plasticity, and motor functions via communication with dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic signalling systems bidirectionally in PD. Further, gripping preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate the context regarding the cannabinoid compounds, which is supported by various evidence (neuroprotection, suppression of excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, glial activation, and additional benefits) provided by cannabinoid-like compounds (much research addresses the direct regulation of cannabinoids with dopamine transmission and other signalling pathways in PD). More data related to endocannabinoids efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic profiles need to be explored, providing better insights into their potential to ameliorate or even regress PD.
  • 2.5K
  • 01 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Tourism, Indigenous Peoples and Economic Development
Academic interest in the involvement of indigenous peoples with tourism has grown considerably over the past two decades, but the focus has been on traditional activities and facilities and there is little tourism literature which looks at non-traditional forms of tourism involvement. The entry suggests this reflects the motivations and interests of researchers and suggests that increased indigenous participation in research is to be encouraged and may be reflected in different emphases and subjects.
  • 2.5K
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Emmer
Emmer wheat or hulled wheat is a type of awned wheat. Emmer is a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 28 chromosomes). The domesticated types are Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum and Triticum turgidum conv. durum. The wild plant is called Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccoides. The principal difference between the wild and the domestic is that the ripened seed head of the wild plant shatters and scatters the seed onto the ground, while in the domesticated emmer the seed head remains intact, thus making it easier for humans to harvest the grain. Along with einkorn wheat, emmer was one of the first crops domesticated in the Near East. It was widely cultivated in the ancient world, but is now a relict crop in mountainous regions of Europe and Asia. Emmer is considered a type of farro food especially in Italy.
  • 2.5K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Argiudolls of the Argentina
Argiudolls are a Great group of Mollisols, which are key components in the provision of ecosystem services associated with global food production. These soils act as support for different anthropic activities and are involved in the regulation of water quality and quantity, nutrient recycling, carbon reserve and maintenance of biodiversity.
  • 2.5K
  • 12 Jan 2021
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