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HandWiki. Emmer. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37429 (accessed on 25 September 2026).
HandWiki. Emmer. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37429. Accessed September 25, 2026.
HandWiki. "Emmer" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37429 (accessed September 25, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, December 01). Emmer. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37429
HandWiki. "Emmer." Encyclopedia. Web. 01 December, 2022.
Emmer
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biology:Emmer

Emmer wheat or hulled wheat is a type of awned wheat. Emmer is a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 28 chromosomes). The domesticated types are Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum and Triticum turgidum conv. durum. The wild plant is called Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccoides. The principal difference between the wild and the domestic is that the ripened seed head of the wild plant shatters and scatters the seed onto the ground, while in the domesticated emmer the seed head remains intact, thus making it easier for humans to harvest the grain. Along with einkorn wheat, emmer was one of the first crops domesticated in the Near East. It was widely cultivated in the ancient world, but is now a relict crop in mountainous regions of Europe and Asia. Emmer is considered a type of farro food especially in Italy.

tetraploid wild plant wheat

References

  1. Elbaum, Rivka; Zaltzman, Liron; Burgert, Ingo; Fratzl, Peter (2007). "The Role of Wheat Awns in the Seed Dispersal Unit". Science 316 (5826): 884–886. doi:10.1126/science.1140097. PMID 17495170. Bibcode: 2007Sci...316..884E.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1140097
  2. "Online Etymology Dictionary". http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=emmer. Retrieved 2011-08-10. 
  3. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-01-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20090107154334/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/PEOPLE/bios/aron.html. Retrieved 2008-10-05. 
  4. null
  5. Weide, Alexander (2015). "On the Identification of Domesticated Emmer Wheat, Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum (Poaceae), in the Aceramic Neolithic of the Fertile Crescent". Archäologische Informationen (de). 
  6. Weiss and Zohary, pp. S240-S242
  7. Possehl, Gregory. "The Indus Civilization: An Introduction to Environmental, Subsistence, and Cultural History: (2003)
  8. Jacobsen & Adams 1958
  9. Powell, M. A. (1985) Salt, seed, and yields in Sumerian agriculture. A critique of the theory of progressive salinization. Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 75, 7-38.
  10. Jean-Phillipe Lauer, Laurent Taeckholm and E. Aberg, 'Les Plantes Decouvertes dans les Souterrains de l'Enceinte du Roi Zoser a Saqqarah' in Bulletin de l'Institut d'Egypte, Vol. XXXII, 1949-50, pp. 121–157, and see Plate IV for photo of ears of both wheats recovered from beneath the pyramid.
  11. Zohary & Hopf 2000, pp. 50f
  12. C. Michael Hogan. 2008. Volubilis: Ancient settlement in Morocco, The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=14906
  13. Mishnah, Tractate Pesahim 2:5
  14. See Isaiah 28:25 and Mishnah loc. cit.
  15. National Research Council (1996-02-14). "Other Cultivated Grains". Lost Crops of Africa: Volume I: Grains. Lost Crops of Africa. 1. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-04990-0. http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2305&page=239. Retrieved 2008-07-18. 
  16. Hulled wheats. Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Hulled Wheats. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops 4. Edited by S. Padulosi, K. Hammer, and J. Heller, 1996. Rome: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. http://www.bioversityinternational.com/Publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=54
  17. "Renaissance alter Brotgetreidesorten - swissinfo" (in de). Swissinfo.ch. http://www.swissinfo.ch/ger/swissinfo.html?siteSect=601&sid=6120540. Retrieved 2010-11-13. 
  18. Samuel, Delwen. 1996. Archeology of Ancient Egyptian Beer. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 54(1): 3-12
  19. Urs, Anil. "Medicinal traits found in 'Khapli' wheat" (in en). https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/medicinal-traits-found-in-lsquokhapli-wheat/article20100642.ece1. 
  20. "Nonceliac gluten sensitivity". Gastroenterology 148 (6): 1195–204. May 2015. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.12.049. PMID 25583468.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2014.12.049
  21. "Clinical and diagnostic aspects of gluten related disorders". World J Clin Cases 3 (3): 275–84. Mar 16, 2015. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i3.275. PMID 25789300.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4360499
  22. "Grains in Relation to Celiac (Coeliac) Disease". Wheat.pw.usda.gov. http://wheat.pw.usda.gov/ggpages/topics/celiac.html. Retrieved 2010-11-13. 
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