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HandWiki. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35767 (accessed on 22 September 2026).
HandWiki. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35767. Accessed September 22, 2026.
HandWiki. "Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35767 (accessed September 22, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 22). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35767
HandWiki. "Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing." Encyclopedia. Web. 22 November, 2022.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Medicine:Eye_movement_desensitization_and_reprocessing

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a form of psychotherapy in which the person being treated is asked to recall distressing images; the therapist then directs the patient in one type of bilateral stimulation, such as side-to-side eye rapid movement or hand tapping. EMDR was developed by Francine Shapiro starting in 1988. According to the 2013 World Health Organization (WHO) practice guideline: "This therapy [EMDR] is based on the idea that negative thoughts, feelings and behaviours are the result of unprocessed memories. The treatment involves standardized procedures that include focusing simultaneously on (a) spontaneous associations of traumatic images, thoughts, emotions and bodily sensations and (b) bilateral stimulation that is most commonly in the form of repeated eye movements." EMDR is included in several evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with varying levels of recommendation and evidence (very low to moderate per WHO stress guidelines). As of 2020, the American Psychological Association lists EMDR as an evidence-based treatment for PTSD but stresses that "the available evidence can be interpreted in several ways" and notes there is debate about the precise mechanism by which EMDR appears to relieve PTSD symptoms with some evidence EMDR may simply be a variety of exposure therapy. Even though EMDR is effective, critics call it a pseudoscience because only the desensitization component has scientific support.

post-traumatic stress psychotherapy health

References

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  2. EMDR Basic Protocols, Shapiro, 2001, page xi
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  10. UK Nice guidelines: 1.6.20 EMDR for adults should: be based on a validated manual typically be provided over 8 to 12 sessions, but more if clinically indicated, for example if they have experienced multiple traumas be delivered by trained practitioners with ongoing supervision be delivered in a phased manner and include psychoeducation about reactions to trauma; managing distressing memories and situations; identifying and treating target memories (often visual images); and promoting alternative positive beliefs about the self use repeated in-session bilateral stimulation (normally with eye movements[1]) for specific target memories until the memories are no longer distressing include the teaching of self-calming techniques and techniques for managing flashbacks, for use within and between sessions. [2018] https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng116/chapter/Recommendations#assessment-and-coordination-of-care
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  73. Fox, Jeremy G. (2020-08-01). "Recovery, Interrupted: The Zeigarnik Effect in EMDR Therapy and the Adaptive Information Processing Model". Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 14 (3): 175–185. doi:10.1891/EMDR-D-20-00011.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1891%2FEMDR-D-20-00011
  74. null
  75. A slowing of brain waves has been seen during bilateral stimulation (eye movement), somewhat similar to what occurs during sleep.Pagani, Marco; Amann, Benedikt L.; Landin-Romero, Ramon; Carletto, Sara (7 November 2017). "Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing and Slow Wave Sleep: A Putative Mechanism of Action". Frontiers in Psychology 8: 1935. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01935. PMID 29163309.  A possibly related finding is that brain waves during EMDR treatment shows changes in brain activity, specifically the limbic system showed its highest level of activity prior to commencing EMDR treatment."Neurobiological correlates of EMDR monitoring – an EEG study". PLOS ONE 7 (9): e45753. 2012-09-26. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045753. PMID 23049852. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...745753P.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5681964
  76. Rodenburg, Roos; Benjamin, Anja; de Roos, Carlijn; Meijer, Ann Marie; Stams, Geert Jan (November 2009). "Efficacy of EMDR in children: A meta-analysis". Clinical Psychology Review 29 (7): 599–606. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.06.008. PMID 19616353.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cpr.2009.06.008
  77. Rousseau, Pierre-François; Boukezzi, Sarah; Garcia, René; Chaminade, Thierry; Khalfa, Stéphanie (August 2020). "Cracking the EMDR code: Recruitment of sensory, memory and emotional networks during bilateral alternating auditory stimulation". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 54 (8): 818–831. doi:10.1177/0004867420913623. PMID 32271126.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0004867420913623
  78. Roberts, Brady R. T.; Fernandes, Myra A.; MacLeod, Colin M.; Manelis, Anna (27 January 2020). "Re-evaluating whether bilateral eye movements influence memory retrieval". PLOS ONE 15 (1): e0227790. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227790. PMID 31986171. Bibcode: 2020PLoSO..1527790R. "No evidence of a SIRE effect was found: Bayesian statistical analyses demonstrated significant evidence for a null effect. Taken together, these experiments suggest that the SIRE effect is inconsistent. The current experiments call into question the generalizability of the SIRE effect and suggest that its presence is very sensitive to experimental design. Future work should further assess the robustness of the effect before exploring related theories or underlying mechanisms.".  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6984731
  79. Salkovskis P (February 2002). "Review: eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is not better than exposure therapies for anxiety or trauma". Evidence-Based Mental Health 5 (1): 13. doi:10.1136/ebmh.5.1.13. PMID 11915816.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Febmh.5.1.13
  80. Davidson, Paul R.; Parker, Kevin C. H. (2001). "Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): A meta-analysis.". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 69 (2): 305–316. doi:10.1037//0022-006x.69.2.305. PMID 11393607.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F%2F0022-006x.69.2.305
  81. McNally, Richard J (November 1999). "On Eye Movements and Animal Magnetism". Journal of Anxiety Disorders 13 (6): 617–620. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(99)00020-1.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0887-6185%2899%2900020-1
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  83. Pitman, Roger K; Orr, Scott P; Altman, Bruce; Longpre, Ronald E; Poiré, Roger E; Macklin, Michael L (November 1996). "Emotional processing during eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy of vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder". Comprehensive Psychiatry 37 (6): 419–429. doi:10.1016/s0010-440x(96)90025-5. PMID 8932966.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0010-440x%2896%2990025-5
  84. Shapiro, F. (1989). Efficacy of the eye movement desensitization procedure in the treatment of traumatic memories. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2, 199-223.
  85. Shapiro, F. & Forrest, M. (1997). EMDR The Breakthrough Therapy for Overcoming Anxiety, Stress and Trauma. New York: Basic Books
  86. "History of EMDR - EMDR Institute - EYE MOVEMENT DESENSITIZATION AND REPROCESSING THERAPY". https://www.emdr.com/history-of-emdr/. 
  87. Armstrong, Michael S; Vaughan, Kevin (March 1996). "An orienting response model of eye movement desensitization". Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 27 (1): 21–32. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(95)00056-9. PMID 8814518.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0005-7916%2895%2900056-9
  88. Shapiro; "FS: It’s been demonstrated in about 16 randomized controlled trials now that the eye movement also rapidly causes the vividness to shift and emotion to decrease." https://www.psychotherapy.net/interview/francine-shapiro-emdr#section-eye-movement
  89. McNally, Richard J. (1999). "Research on eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as a treatment for PTSD". PTSD Research Quarterly 10 (1): 1–7. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=13105. 
  90. Sikes, Charlotte; Sikes, Victoria (2003). "EMDR: Why the controversy?". Traumatology 9 (3): 169–182. doi:10.1177/153476560300900304.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F153476560300900304
  91. Arkowitz, Hal; Lilienfeld, Scott (August 1, 2012). "EMDR: Taking a Closer Look Can moving your eyes back and forth help to ease anxiety?". https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/emdr-taking-a-closer-look/. "So, now to the bottom line: EMDR ameliorates symptoms of traumatic anxiety better than doing nothing and probably better than talking to a supportive listener. Yet not a shred of good evidence exists that EMDR is superior to exposure-based treatments that behavior and cognitive-behavior therapists have been administering routinely for decades. Paraphrasing British writer and critic Samuel Johnson, Harvard University psychologist Richard McNally nicely summed up the case for EMDR: 'What is effective in EMDR is not new, and what is new is not effective.'" 
  92. Shipley, Gemma; Wilde, Sarah; Hudson, Mark (April 2021). "What do clients say about their experiences of Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing therapy? A systematic review of the literature.". European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation: 100226. doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2021.100226.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejtd.2021.100226
  93. Novella, Steven (March 30, 2011). "EMDR and Acupuncture – Selling Non-specific Effects". Society for SBM. https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/emdr-and-acupuncture-selling-non-specific-effects/. 
  94. Rosen, Gerald M; Mcnally, Richard J; Lilienfeld, Scott O (1999). "Eye Movement Magic: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing". Skeptic 7 (4). http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/14-05-21/#feature. 
  95. McNally, R. J. (2003). "The demise of pseudoscience". The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice 2 (2): 97–101. https://www.srmhp.org/0202/pseudoscience.html. 
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