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Topic Review
Development of Pre-Eclampsia
Pre-eclampsia is a serious complication of pregnancy characterized by a state of multiorgan hypertensive disorders, with or without proteinuria and possible multiorgan dysfunction.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Antibiotics Used for Urinary Tract Infections in Pregnancy
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is considered to be a major problem in pregnant women. It is also one of the most prevalent infections during pregnancy, being diagnosed in as many as 50–60% of all gestations. Therefore, UTI treatment during pregnancy is extremely important and management guidelines have been published worldwide to assist physicians in selecting the right antibiotic for each patient, taking into account the maternal and fetal safety profile.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Definitive Diagnosis in Renal Cell Carcinoma
Despite significant progress regarding clinical detection/imaging evaluation modalities and genetic/molecular characterization of pathogenesis, advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains an incurable disease and overall RCC mortality has been steadily rising for decades. Concomitantly, clinical definitions have been greatly nuanced and refined. RCCs are viewed as a heterogeneous series of cancers, with the same anatomical origin, but fundamentally different metabolisms and clinical behaviors. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
MRI for Evaluating DKD Noninvasively
Renal magnetic resonance techniques provide noninvasive information on renal volume, function, metabolism, perfusion, oxygenation, and microstructural alterations, without the need for exogenous contrast media.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Nucleic Acid Nanotechnology in Acute Kidney Injury
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome characterized by an abrupted decline in renal function due to miscellaneous factors, such as rapid volume depletion, acute infection, nephrotoxic medicines and so on, leading to a retention of nitrogen wastes and creatinine accompanied by electrolyte disturbances and acid-base imbalance. Owing to the predictable base-pairing rule and highly modifiable characteristics, nucleic acids have already become significant biomaterials for nanostructure and nanodevice fabrication, which is known as nucleic acid nanotechnology. In particular, its excellent programmability and biocompatibility have further promoted its intersection with medical challenges. Lately, there have been an influx of research connecting nucleic acid nanotechnology with the clinical needs for renal diseases, especially AKI.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
CEUS in Native Kidney Pathology
Gray scale ultrasound has an important diagnostic role in native kidney disease. Low cost, absence of ionizing radiation and nephrotoxicity, short performance time, and repeatability even at the bedside, are the major advantages of this technique. The introduction of contrast enhancement ultrasound (CEUS) in daily clinical practice has significantly reduced the use of contrast enhancement computed tomography (CECT) and contrast enhancement magnetic resonance (CEMR), especially in patients with renal disease. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Greco-Arabic Contribution to The Urolithiasis Management and Treatment
Many Greco-Arabic Muslim scientists have contributed to medicine and surgery in the diagnosis, surgery and natural medicines for the treatment of urolithiasis.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Aug 2022
Topic Review
The Urobiome
The microbiome of the urinary tract plays a significant role in maintaining health through the impact on bladder homeostasis. Urobiome is of great importance in maintaining the urothelial integrity and preventing urinary tract infection, as well as promoting local immune function.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Glomerular Diseases
Glomerular disease is a disease of glomerular inflammation caused by immune-mediated damage to capillary endothelium, mesangium, or basement membrane. The clinical presentations of glomerular disease are diverse. Patients may have asymptomatic microscopic or gross hematuria and often develop proteinuria and even the severe as nephrotic syndrome.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Sex Differences in Human Diabetic Kidney Disease
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a secondary disease of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM). This microvascular complication develops in approximately 30% of patients with T1DM and 40% of patients with T2DM and is characterized by the presence of albuminuria and the progressive loss of renal function.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Hormone Receptors in Bladder Cancer
Accumulating evidence indicates that sex hormone receptors, such as androgen receptor and estrogen receptors, play an important role in modulating sensitivity to conventional non-surgical therapy for bladder cancer.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Overview of PSMA PET-CT and Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in men. The imaging assessment and treatment of prostate cancer has vastly improved over the past decade. The introduction of PSMA PET-CT has improved the detection of loco-regional and metastatic disease. PSMA PET-CT also has a role in the primary diagnosis and staging, in detecting biochemical recurrence after curative treatment and in metastasis-directed therapy.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cribriform Patterned Lesions in the Prostate Gland
Cribriform glandular formations are characterized by a continuous proliferation of cells with intermingled lumina and can constitute a major or minor part of physiologic (normal central zone glands), benign (clear cell cribriform hyperplasia and basal cell hyperplasia), premalignant (high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia), borderline (atypical intraductal cribriform proliferation) or clearly malignant (intraductal, acinar, ductal and basal cell carcinoma) lesions. Each displays a different clinical course and variability in clinical management and prognosis. 
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
An Updated Classification of Cardiorenal Syndrome
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is defined as progressive, combined cardiac and renal dysfunction. Here, the pathomechanisms and clinical hallmarks of both chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease are presented, and an updated classification of CRS is proposed.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Uremic Sarcopenia
Uremic sarcopenia is a frequent condition present in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and is characterized by reduced muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance. Uremic sarcopenia is related to an increased risk of hospitalization and all-causes mortality. This pathological condition is caused not only by advanced age but also by others factors typical of CKD patients such as metabolic acidosis, hemodialysis therapy, low-grade inflammatory status and inadequate protein-energy intake. Currently, treatments available to ameliorate uremic sarcopenia include nutritional therapy (oral nutritional supplement, inter/intradialytic parenteral nutrition, enteral nutrition, high protein and fiber diet and percutaneous endoscopic gastrectomy) and a personalized program of physical activity. 
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Benefits of Exercise in Chronic Kidney Disease Progression
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive condition characterised by declining estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and associated, particularly in advanced stages, with increased morbidity and cardiovascular mortality. Current treatment options for delaying disease progression are limited to a small number of pharmacological agents. Considering that rates of kidney function decline are greater in patients with lower levels of habitual physical activity, there is interest in the potential benefits of structured exercise training in delaying CKD progression. 
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Robotic Systems in Urology and Prostate Cancer Surgery
Robot-assisted surgical systems (RASS) have revolutionised the management of many urological conditions with robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) being considered by many to be the preferred surgical approach.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Plaque in Peyronie’s Disease Cases
Peyronie’s disease (PD) is a benign condition caused by plaque formation on the tunica albuginea of the penis. It is associated with penile pain, curvature, and shortening, and contributes to erectile dysfunction, which worsens patient quality of life.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Cadmium and Bladder Cancer
Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental toxicant with serious public health consequences due to its persistence within arable soils, and the ease with which it enters food chains and then, accumulates in human tissues to induce a broad range of adverse health effects. Diet is a primary exposure source for non-smoking populations, whilst cigarette smoke is an additional source of Cd among those who smoked. Cd exists in cigarette smoke as a non-volatile oxide form (CdO), and a volatile metallic form with high transmission rates. Of further concern, the electronegativity of Cd is similar to that of zinc (Zn), a nutritionally essential metal, whereas its ionic radius is similar to calcium (Ca) Thus, Cd can enter the body from the gut and lungs through the metal transporter systems and pathways evolved for acquisition and storage of Zn, Ca, and other nutritionally essential metals such as iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn).
  • 1.0K
  • 26 May 2021
Topic Review
Volatile Anesthetic-Induced Organ Protection
Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is inevitable in kidney transplantation and negatively impacts graft and patient outcome. Reperfusion takes place in the recipient and most of the injury following ischemia and reperfusion occurs during this reperfusion phase; therefore, the intra-operative period seems an attractive window of opportunity to modulate IRI and improve short- and potentially long-term graft outcome. Commonly used volatile anesthetics such as sevoflurane and isoflurane have been shown to interfere with many of the pathophysiological processes involved in the injurious cascade of IRI. 
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Apr 2021
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