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Topic Review
Cholesterol
Cholesterol, the most important sterol in mammals, helps maintain plasma membrane fluidity and is a precursor of bile acids, oxysterols, and steroid hormones. Cholesterol in the body is obtained from the diet or can be de novo synthetized. Cholesterol homeostasis is mainly regulated by the liver, where cholesterol is packed in lipoproteins for transport through a tightly regulated process. Changes in circulating lipoprotein cholesterol levels lead to atherosclerosis development, which is initiated by an accumulation of modified lipoproteins in the subendothelial space; this induces significant changes in immune cell differentiation and function. In this entry, we describe the main regulatory pathways and mechanisms of cholesterol metabolism.
  • 1.9K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Beneficial health properties of common natural phenolic acids
Phenolic acids comprise a group of natural compounds that are present in a wide range of herbs and other species of the plant kingdom. This work focuses on the most common natural occurring phenolic acids (caffeic, carnosic, ferulic, gallic, p-coumaric, rosmarinic, vanillic) and gives a summary of their recently reported health related effects that mainly link to their antioxidant properties. A number of in vitro and in vivo animal studies has been screened by the authors who report on most important research findings on each individual phenolic acid (or natural mixtures of them) while also formulating a number of conclusions and recommendations for future work in this scientific field.
  • 1.9K
  • 24 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Bioactive Compounds from Rice Varieties
Consumption of pigmented rice as a staple food is rapidly increasing due to their healthy prospective and considered as functional food ingredients. Greater interest has been shown in many color rice varieties due to their multiple biological activities. The phenolic compounds have been found to consist of anthocyanidins, ferulic acid, diferulates, anthocyanins and polymeric proanthocyanidins. Anthocyanin is located in the bran layers of the rice kernel, while phenolic acids are mainly present in the bran layers of rice, existing as free, conjugated and bound forms. Keeping in view the several health benefits associated with the functional ingredients, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and anticancer effects, pigmented rice is considered as a functional food and food ingredient in many Asian countries. 
  • 1.8K
  • 10 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Trimethylglycine (betaine)
Trimethylglycine (i.e. glycine betaine or betaine)  
  • 1.8K
  • 10 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cocoa
Botanically, cocoa (Theobroma cacao) is a typical evergreen tree belonging to the Sterculiaceae family, originally from tropics of Central and South America and then grown in the other parts of the world. The plant has three main cultivars, with different phytochemical content and sensory properties: Criollo, the first cultivated group, Forastero, the hardier and the most prevalent group, and Trinitario, a cross-breed of both Criollo and Forastero groups.
  • 1.8K
  • 11 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Biomedical Effects of Garlic
Garlic is a perennial plant of the amaryllis family that produces strong-smelling pungent bulbs from a strong tall stem of 25–70 cm and can be grown in mild climates. Garlic is commonly used as a spice in cooking and and in herbal medicine.
  • 1.8K
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Olive Oil Production Wastes
The production of high-quality olive oils implies the generation of vast quantities of solid residues and/or wastewaters that may have a great impact on terrestrial and aquatic environments because of their high phytotoxicity. Depending on the techniques used for olive oil production, namely, on the type of horizontal centrifugation (two-phase or three-phase), the process most adopted to separate olive oil from olive paste obtained after malaxation, different by-products are obtained.
  • 1.8K
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Animal Foods' Lactic Acid Bacteria
A variety of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains, which are either part of the autochthonous microbiota or introduced into animal products, have potential beneficial applications for the preservation of such products and/or for consumer health. Many foods obtained from fermented products of animal origin, such as meat, fish, and dairy, contain living microorganisms that are phylogenetically similar to probiotic LAB as part of the microbiota that directs their fermentation process and is responsible for their unique character. Fermented foods, such as cultured milk, yogurt, cheese, fermented sausage, and certain types of wine, are obtained through enzymatic reactions resulting from controlled microbial growth, in which the main microbial effectors comprise, primarily, LAB and their metabolites.
  • 1.8K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Neurological Effects of Tualang Honey
Tualang honey exerted neurological effects namely nootropic, antinociceptive, stress-relieving, anti-depressant, and anxiolytic. These effects are attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Health Benefits of Indigenous Durian
Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) is an energy-dense seasonal tropical fruit grown in Southeast Asia. It is one of the most expensive fruits in the region. It has a creamy texture and a sweet-bitter taste. The unique durian flavour is attributable to the presence of fat, sugar, and volatile compounds such as esters and sulphur-containing compounds such as thioacetals, thioesters, and thiolanes, as well as alcohols.
  • 1.7K
  • 06 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Health Benefits of Phenolic Compounds from Pigmented Corn
Pigmented corn is a gramineae food of great biological, cultural and nutritional importance for many Latin American countries, with more than 250 breeds on the American continent. It confers a large number of health benefits due to its diverse and abundant bioactive compounds. Phenolic compounds, among which are anthocyanins are some of the most studied and representative compounds in these grasses, with a wide range of health properties, mainly the reduction of pro-oxidant molecules.
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Lignans
This entry focuses on lignans, a non-flavonoid polyphenolic class found in plant foods for human nutrition, recently studied as potential modulators of the gut-brain axis. In particular, gut bacterial metabolism is able to convert dietary lignans into therapeutically relevant polyphenols (i.e., enterolignans), such as enterolactone and enterodiol. Enterolignans are characterized by various biologic activities, including tissue-specific estrogen receptor activation, together with anti-inflammatory and apoptotic effects. The variability in enterolignans production by the gut microbiota is strictly related to both bioaccessibility and bioavailability of parent lignans through the entire gastrointestinal tract. 
  • 1.7K
  • 06 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Protein
Protein is a critical macronutrient for maintenance of normal bodily functions. Required daily protein intake varies by age, sex, and degree of daily activity, but is critical to maintain muscle mass and strength throughout an individual’s lifespan.
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Diospyros kaki L. (Persimmon)
Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) is a member of the Ebenaceae family and is a very popular and important fruit in East Asian countries, being widely produced in China, South Korea, and Japan. The name “persimmon” (Diospyros) originates from the Greek dióspuron, which means “food of Zeus”, while “kaki” comes from the Japanese kaki (柿).
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Nutritional Value of Plant Proteins
The quality and nutritional value of dietary proteins are determined by the quantity, digestibility and bioavailability of essential amino acids (EAA), which play a critical role in human growth, longevity and metabolic health. Plant-source protein is often deficient in one or more EAAs (e.g., branched-chain amino acids, lysine, methionine and/or tryptophan) and, in its natural form, is less digestible than animal-source protein. Nevertheless, dietary intake of plant-source protein has been promoted because of its potential health benefits, lower cost of production and lower environmental impact compared to animal-source protein. Implementation of dietary strategies that improve both human and planetary health are of critical importance and subject to growing interest from researchers and consumers. 
  • 1.7K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Intestinal Tryptophan Metabolism Pathways
Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential aromatic amino acid that is acquired exclusively through dietary intake in humans (since Trp is not produced by animal cells). Common sources of dietary Trp are fish, poultry, cereals, and dairy foods. The World Health Organization advises an intake of 4 mg of Trp/kg/day. Trp is a precursor of several microbial and host metabolites, including several molecules such as serotonin, melatonin, nicotinamide and vitamin B3. The intestine is a prime location of Trp metabolism. Three main metabolic pathways can process dietary Trp: (i) the kynurenine pathway (KP) via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)1, mainly occurring in both immune and epithelial cells, (ii) the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) pathway via Trp hydroxylase 1 (TpH1) in enterochromaffin cells, and finally (iii) the direct conversion of Trp by the intestinal microbiota into several. 
  • 1.7K
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
CYP2E1
CYP2E1 is one of the fifty-seven cytochrome P450 genes in the human genome and is highly conserved. CYP2E1 is a unique P450 enzyme because its heme iron is constitutively in the high spin state, allowing direct reduction of, e.g., dioxygen, causing the formation of a variety of reactive oxygen species and reduction of xenobiotics to toxic products.
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
D-ribose Supplementation in Caucasian Males
Mutations that occur within the AMPD1 gene are one of the most common defects detected in the Caucasian population with a likelihood of having the mutations as 1-2%. Several studies indicate that certain variants can cause fatigue, muscle weakness and muscular cramps, however some even with these variants remain asymptomatic. Some studies have shown that oral dosages of ribose can alleviate symptoms and can improve exercise performance in those with AMPD1 deficiency, ribose may provide a direct source of energy for cells. The aim of this preliminary study was to see if oral supplementary ribose can improve the performance of a 3 minute press-up test that is aimed to test muscle stamina and muscle fatigue in healthy Caucasian males against a control of healthy Caucasian males. The results show that having a T in rs17602729 may affect press-up performance in a 3 minute test and that supplemental ribose may improve performance, however the following results need to be correlated with current literature in the area and the conclusions are still debatable. 
  • 1.7K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Choline
Choline is an essential micronutrient with a pivotal role in several metabolic pathways contributing to liver, neurological, and hematological homeostasis. Although choline is commonly administered to improve physical performance, its effects on muscle are still unclear. Our scoping review elucidates and summarizes thecrucial role of choline in modulating muscle fat metabolism, muscle proteins homeostasis, and themodulation of inflammation and autophagy.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Vitamin C and Neutrophil Function
Vitamin C is known to support immune function and is accumulated by neutrophils to millimolar intracellular concentrations suggesting an important role for the vitamin in these cells.
  • 1.7K
  • 20 Aug 2021
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