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Topic Review
Application of Mixed Potential Theory to Leaching
Leaching is a central unit operation in the hydrometallurgical processing of minerals, which often occurs by means of electrochemical reactions. Application of mixed potential theory to explain the kinetics of oxidative and reductive leaching processes is a useful concept in explaining observed results. Native metals, selected oxides, and most base metal sulfides are electron-conducting phases. For these minerals, leaching may take place by normal corrosion, passivation or galvanic couple mechanisms, which provide individual electrode kinetics enabling the calculation of mixed potentials and overall reaction kinetics. 
  • 875
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Development Aspects for Practical Non-aqueous Redox-Flow Batteries
Redox-flow cells can be divided into four basic types: all-liquid redox-flow batteries (ALRFBs), semi-solid redox-flow batteries (SSRFBs), hybrid redox-flow batteries (HRFBs), and single-flow batteries (SFB). These four basic types can be further classified by their cell separation techniques and membrane setups. They range from having no separation membrane to having up to three separation membranes in parallel.
  • 859
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Nanomaterials-Based Enzymatic Biosensors
Nanotechnology has been fostering excellent prospects in the development of enzymatic biosensors, since enzyme immobilization onto conductive nanostructures can improve characteristics that are crucial in biosensor transduction, such as surface-to-volume ratio, signal response, selectivity, sensitivity, conductivity, and biocatalytic activity, among others.
  • 844
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Hydrogen Evolution Reaction and MXenes
Green hydrogen production via electrocatalytic water splitting paves the way for renewable, clean, and sustainable hydrogen (H2) generation. H2 gas is produced from the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), where the reaction is catalyzed primarily from Pt-based catalysts under both acidic and alkaline environments. MXene is a 2D nanomaterial based on transition-metal carbide or nitride, having the general formula of Mn+1XnTx, where M = transition metal, X = C and/or N and Tx = surface termination groups such as F, O, OH and Cl.
  • 837
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Electrolysis of BO2− into BH4−
The recycling of sodium borohydride poses a huge challenge to the drive towards a hydrogen economy. Mechano-chemical, thermo-chemical and electrochemical are the only reported methods of recycling sodium metaborate into sodium borohydride. Much attention have been devoted towards the mechano-chemical and thermo-chemical methods of reduction, little focus is devoted to electrochemical methods. This research describes the electrochemical behaviour of borohydride (BH4ˉ) and metaborate (BO2ˉ) anion in alkaline solutions. The electrochemical characteristics of BH4ˉ is controlled by the alkaline concentration, the concentration of the BH4ˉ and the type of electrode material. The attempts to electro-reduce the BO2ˉ into BH4ˉ is reviewed and the challenges, suggestions and future outlook of electro-reduction to recycle the BO2ˉ into BH4ˉ is highlighted.
  • 824
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Types of Supercapacitors
Supercapacitors are mainly divided into three types: electrical double layer (EDL) capacitors, pseudocapacitors, and hybrid supercapacitors based on their energy storage mechanisms. 
  • 823
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Electrosorption Technology in Water Treatment
The salt removal from water by using electrosorption has been studied since 1960s, and the application of this technology began in the mid-1990s when Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory developed the first set of electrosorption application devices in 1996.
  • 818
  • 19 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Status of Health Estimation Methods
As the backup power supply of power plants and substations, Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) batteries are the last safety guarantee for the safe and reliable operation of power systems, and the batteries status of health（SOH）directly affects the stability and safety of power system equipment. In recent years, due to the aging and failure of VRLA batteries, some serious safety accidents have been caused, so it is very necessary to accurately evaluate the health of batteries.
  • 817
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Doping Strategy for Manganese-Based Zinc-ion Battery Cathode
As one of the most appealing options for large-scale energy storage systems, the commercialization of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) has received considerable attention due to their cost effectiveness and inherent safety. A potential cathode material for the commercialization of AZIBs is the manganese-based cathode, but it suffers from poor cycle stability, owing to the Jahn–Teller effect, which leads to the dissolution of Mn in the electrolyte, as well as low electron/ion conductivity. In order to solve these problems, various strategies have been adopted to improve the stability of manganese-based cathode materials. 
  • 800
  • 13 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Iron-Series Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting
The development of non-noble metal-based electrocatalysts with high performance for hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction is highly desirable in advancing electrocatalytic water-splitting technology but proves to be challenging. One promising way to improve the catalytic activity is to tailor the d-band center. This approach can facilitate the adsorption of intermediates and promote the formation of active species on surfaces.
  • 795
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Lithium−Sulfur Pouch Cells
Strategies to enhance sulfur loading and utilization and compaction of the cathode are crucial objectives in accelerating the industrial realization of Li–S pouch cells.
  • 787
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Engineering Dry Electrode Manufacturing for Sustainable Lithium-Ion Batteries
The pursuit of industrializing lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with exceptional energy density and top-tier safety features presents a substantial growth opportunity. The demand for energy storage is steadily rising, driven primarily by the growth in electric vehicles and the need for stationary energy storage systems. However, the manufacturing process of LIBs, which is crucial for these applications, still faces significant challenges in terms of both financial and environmental impacts. The dry process procedure aims to reduce the risk of solvent emissions, waste generation, and potential safety hazards by eliminating the need for solvents. This aligns with a growing emphasis on sustainable and environmentally friendly manufacturing practices.
  • 784
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
In order to develop highly efficient and stable catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) that do not contain precious metals, it is necessary to modify carbon nanotubes (CNT) and define the effect of the modification on their activity in the ORR. 
  • 766
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Two-Dimensional MoS2
 In recent years, great progress has been made for 2D MoS2 in the field of electrocatalysis, and its exposed unsaturated edges are considered to be active sites of electrocatalytic reactions. In this entry, author focus on the latest progress of 2D MoS2 in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) that has not received much attention. First, the basic properties of 2D MoS2 and its advantages in the ORR are introduced. Then, the synthesis methods of 2D MoS2 are summarized, and specific strategies for optimizing the performance of 2D MoS2 in ORRs, and the challenges and opportunities faced are discussed. Finally, the future of the 2D MoS2-based ORR catalysts is explored.
  • 750
  • 15 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Polyoxometalates as Electrocatalysts
Polyoxometalates (POMs) are polyatomic ions with closed 3D frameworks and unique structure containing a large number of redox active sites that make them promising electrocatalysts for electrochemical energy conversion and storage applications.
  • 731
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Noble Metal-Based Heterogeneous Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Hydrogen energy, a green renewable energy, has shown great potential in developing new energy and alleviating environmental problems. Water electrolysis is an effective method to achieve large-scale clean hydrogen production, but this process needs to consume a huge amount of electric energy. It is urgent to develop high-activity, high-stability and low-cost catalysts to reduce the consumption of electric energy. The noble metal catalyst is the star material in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), but its stability and high cost restrict its large-scale application.
  • 729
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Electrochemical Impedimetric Biosensors for Virus Detection
Viruses are responsible for many diseases that result in hundreds of thousands of deaths yearly. The ongoing outbreak of the COVID-19 disease has raised a global concern and intensified research on the detection of viruses and virus-related diseases. Novel methods for the sensitive, rapid, and on-site detection of pathogens, such as the recent SARS-CoV-2, are critical for diagnosing and treating infectious diseases before they spread and affect human health worldwide. In this sense, electrochemical impedimetric biosensors could be applied for virus detection on a large scale. 
  • 728
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Electron beam modification (EBM)
Vacuum cathodic arc TiN coatings with overlaying TiO2 film were deposited on polished and surface roughened by electron beam modification (EBM) Ti6Al4V alloy. The substrate microtopography consisted of long grooves formed by the liner scan of the electron beam with appropriate frequencies (500 (AR500) and 850 (AR850) Hz). EBM transformed the α + β Ti6Al4V mixed structure into a single α’-martensite phase. Тhe gradient TiN/TiO2 films deposited on mechanically polished (AR) and EBM (AR500 and AR850) alloys share the same surface chemistry and composition (almost stoichiometric TiN, anatase and rutile in different ratios) but exhibit different topographies (Sa equal to approximately 0.62, 1.73, and 1.08 μm, respectively) over areas of 50 × 50 μm. Although the nanohardness of the coatings on AR500 and AR850 alloy (approximately 10.45 and 9.02 GPa, respectively) was lower than that measured on the film deposited on AR alloy (about 13.05 GPa), the hybrid surface treatment offered improvement in critical adhesive loads, coefficient of friction, and wear-resistance of the surface. In phosphate buffer saline, all coated samples showed low corrosion potentials and passivation current densities, confirming their good corrosion protection. The coated EBM samples cultured with human osteoblast-like MG63 cells demonstrated increased cell attachment, viability, and bone mineralization activity especially for the AR500-coated alloy, compared to uncoated polished alloy. The results underline the synergetic effect between the sub-micron structure and composition of TiN/TiO2 coating and microarchitecture obtained by EBM. 
  • 714
  • 22 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Lignin Degradation by ROS
Lignin is a unique renewable aromatic resource in nature. In the past decades, researchers have attempted to breakdown the linkage bonds in lignin to provide aromatic platform chemicals that used to come from the petrochemical industry. In recent years, electrochemical lignin degradation under mild conditions has drawn much attention from the scientific community owing to its potential to scale up and its environmental friendliness. Sustainable electrochemical degradation of lignin consumes less energy and usually requires mild conditions, but low degradation efficiency and insufficient product selectivity are still significant challenges. The method for lignin degradation by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated through the water oxidation reaction (WOR) at the anode and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode are more attractive for sustainable electrochemical degradation. The present contribution aims to review advancements in electrochemical degradation of lignin in aqueous or non-aqueous supporting electrolytes, focusing on the regulation of ROS in situ generated on the electrode.
  • 711
  • 22 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Intrinsically Conducting Polymers in Secondary Batteries
Intrinsically conducting polymers ICPs are oligo- or polymeric organic materials with numerous strikingly unusual properties like high electronic conductivity depending on their state of oxidation and pronounced electrochemical redox activity. Because a redox process is associated with electronic charge transfer ICPs have been proposed as charge storage materials in electrodes of secondary batteries or supercapacitors. In addition their use as binder in electrodes or as coating material has been suggested.  ICPs was briefly introduced and these various applications in batteries were highlighted here.
  • 706
  • 28 Feb 2022
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