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Topic Review
Marketing Unhealthy Foods to Children
HFSS food marketing featuring celebrities or influencers increases children’s food consumption, although this was from a limited number of studies. These findings suggest that limiting exposure of children to HFSS marketing including all celebrity types may have beneficial impacts upon dietary consumption. Further research on the impact of child characteristics such as SES, long-term impacts, and real-world studies would be beneficial to further inform the thinking of policy makers.
  • 950
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Systematic Approach in Digital Health Transformation in Healthcare
The COVID-19 pandemic has sped up digital health transformation across the health sectors to enable innovative health service delivery. Such transformation relies on competent managers with the capacity to lead and manage. Sustainable, quality, and safe healthcare services require a management workforce equipped with contemporary leadership and management capabilities. With the ever-changing landscape of digital health, health service managers are required to lead and manage in times of system transformation. Digital competencies are required for the health service management (HSM) profession as well as the general healthcare workforce, which needs collaborative efforts across healthcare organizations, government, educational, and professional institutions. Management workforce capacity-building needs to adopt a holistic approach to developing the requisite HSM capabilities and system-wide capacity, which may include appropriate policy, supportive organizational systems and structure, and aligned education and training offerings. HSM workforce development is not a one-off effort. It requires system-level investment, support, and recognition, and collective efforts in removing the barriers and hurdles to the ongoing development of required digital health competencies and capabilities.
  • 949
  • 16 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Social Determinants of Health and Microbiome in Children
The evolving field of microbiome research offers an excellent opportunity for biomarker identification, understanding drug metabolization disparities, and improving personalized medicine. However, the complexities of host–microbe ecological interactions hinder clinical transferability. Among other factors, the microbiome is deeply influenced by age and social determinants of health, including environmental factors such as diet and lifestyle conditions. In this entry, the bidirectionality of social and host–microorganism interactions in health will be discussed.
  • 943
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Screening, Stratification and Scores
Technological innovations including risk-stratification algorithms and large databases of longitudinal population health data and genetic data are allowing us to develop a deeper understanding how individual behaviors, characteristics, and genetics are related to health risk. The clinical implementation of risk-stratified screening programmes that utilise risk scores to allocate patients into tiers of health risk is foreseeable in the future.
  • 938
  • 13 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Service Quality of Healthcare Research Domain
Hospital care and other services have become increasingly important for patient satisfaction. Better hospital care and assistance improve patients’ medical conditions, management trust, and financial success. In this regard, monitoring and measuring hospital service quality is necessary to improve patient satisfaction and wellness. However, the evaluation of healthcare service quality is a complex and critical task due to its intangible nature.
  • 936
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Guidelines for COVID-19 patients
The aim of this review is to summarize current evidence of infection control in healthcare settings and patients with COVID-19 to increase awareness among healthcare workers and prevent nosocomial infections during actual pandemics. Guidelines should target all modes of transmission while recommending control precautions. During epidemics, healthcare facilities must promptly implement a multidisciplinary defense system to combat the outbreak. More evidence-based infection control strategies are needed to uniform the guidelines. 
  • 930
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Volume and Surgical Outcomes in Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer is ranked as the fifth most frequently diagnosed type of cancer. Complete resection with adequate lymphadenectomy represents the goal of treatment with curative intent. Quality assurance is a crucial factor in the evaluation of oncological surgical care, and centralization of healthcare in referral hospitals has been proposed in several countries. However, an international agreement about the setting of “high-volume hospitals” as well as “minimum volume standards” has not yet been clearly established. Despite the clear postoperative mortality benefits that have been described for gastric cancer surgery conducted by high-volume surgeons in high-volume hospitals, many authors have highlighted the limitations of a non-composite variable to define the ideal postoperative period.
  • 922
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Guiding Nutritious Food Choices
For the food system to become more sustainable and nutritious, the environment in which consumers’ choices are shaped and informed has an important influence on their diet. Health-positive policies and regulations can support investment and increased intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes and whole grains, as well as mandating these foods to form part of institutional feeding programmes such as national school nutrition programs. Efforts to regulate the marketing of commercial products and services can be highly controversial, but they have been shown to be effective in driving food choices.
  • 918
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Clinical Diagnosis and Manifestation of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Colonic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or the colitides, encompasses Crohn’s colitis (CC) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the two highly heterogeneous, debilitating, incurable, persistent, relapsing/worsening, immune-arbitrated inflammatory pathologies of the digestive system canal.
  • 912
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Mental Stress in Medical Students during the Pandemic
Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, students had to interrupt their regular studies, and universities changed their teaching formats. The lockdowns affected students in more ways than simply their teaching formats. Students require individual support to adjust to difficult situations, and particularly medical students in their preclinical phase compared to students in their clinical phases. These are challenges for the medical education system, which must find ways to be prepared for future times of crisis and insecurity.
  • 892
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Mechanistic Approaches to Understanding Psychological Resilience to Suicide
Suicidal experiences include suicidal thoughts, tendencies, urges, compulsions, plans, behaviours, attempts and death. Such experiences are a global concern with substantial suicide prevention measures being developed and implemented worldwide. People need to try to understand how resilience to suicidal experiences in those who have severe mental health problems, including psychosis, fluctuates within and between individuals using a multi-componential approach. This understanding rests on identifying the psychological mechanisms which underpin resilience to suicidal experiences whilst also interacting with resilience to psychosis. There are four models of resilience, namely, the unidimensional model, the two dimensional buffering model, the recovery model and the maintenance model. 
  • 891
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Antiaging Potential of Peptides
Aging is a biological process that occurs under normal conditions and in several chronic degenerative diseases. Bioactive natural peptides have been shown to improve the effects of aging in cell and animal models and in clinical trials. However, few reports delve into the enormous diversity of peptides from marine organisms.
  • 885
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Lung Cancer Incidence and Socioeconomic Status
Lung cancer treatment and patient care continue to advance, yet concerns persist about whether these improvements are equally accessible to all socioeconomic groups. Socioeconomic disparities exist in lung cancer incidence, screening, effective treatment, overall survival, and prognosis. One of the key contributing factors to low socioeconomic status that is amenable to change is low education. Lower educational attainment is oftentimes linked to various factors, including smoking habits, unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, lower paid and unhealthier occupations, exposure to environmental pollutants, and genetic-familial risks, all contributing to an elevated incidence of lung cancer.
  • 882
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Telemedicine Applications in the Era of COVID-19
Telemedicine allows for the effective delivery of health care to patients at a distance through the application of information technology to the field of medicine. This is optimal during the COVID-19 pandemic to reduce interpersonal contact to mitigate contagion. 
  • 876
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Salivary XIST expression and OSCC
Studies have shown that there is a disparity between males and females in south-east Asia with regard to oral cancer morbidity. XIST may play an important role in oral cancer morbidity when associated with sex. Lack of salivary lncRNA XIST expression was associated with an increased risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 
  • 861
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Resistance Training for People with COVID-19
Among different physical exercise models that might help to prevent and treat COVID-19-related conditions, resistance training (RT) might be particularly relevant. Among its benefits, RT can be adapted to be performed in many different situations, even with limited space and equipment, and is easily adapted to an individual’s characteristics and health status.
  • 859
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Early Forecasts of the COVID-19 Pandemic
This entry reviews early forecasting of the COVID pandemic in the context of forecast accuracy and epidemic and pandemic forecasting. 
  • 849
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Public Education on Cervical Cancer in Poland
Proper targeted cancer prophylaxis reduces the incidence of cancer in all forms; this includes cancers with significant progression potential and poor prognosis. refinement of the public education on cervical cancer (CC) risk factors, popularization of CC screening incentives amongst the public, and improvement of networking strategies between CC screening facilities (“cervical screening clinical”), allowing screenings to be more efficient and rapid. To enhance the future quality of life of those with rapid CC progression by catching the disease preemptively and limiting the sequelae of the disease, it is important to improve education and access to medical services.
  • 843
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Revolutionizing HIV-1 Viral Load Monitoring in India
India continues to grapple with a significant burden of HIV infections. Despite notable progress in prevention and treatment efforts, multiple challenges, such as high-risk populations, inadequate testing facilities, and limited access to healthcare in remote areas, persist. Though the Government of India offers HIV-1 plasma viral load testing at various medical centers, aiding treatment decisions and monitoring antiretroviral therapy effectiveness, enhancing care for individuals living with HIV under the National AIDS Control Program (NACP), the nation’s large population and diverse demographics further complicate its outreach and response. Hence, strategic interventions and alternative methods of testing remain crucial to curbing HIV transmission and improving the quality of life for those affected. Dried blood spot (DBS) sampling has emerged as a convenient and cost-effective alternative for HIV-1 viral load testing, revolutionizing the landscape of diagnostic and monitoring strategies for HIV infection. Though the plasma-based viral load remains the gold standard for monitoring HIV-1, DBS-based HIV-1 viral load testing holds immense promise for improving access to care, particularly in resource-limited settings where traditional plasma-based methods may be logistically challenging. DBS entails the collection of a small volume of blood onto filter paper, followed by drying and storage. This approach offers numerous advantages, including simplified sample collection, transportation, and storage, reducing the need for cold-chain logistics. 
  • 825
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Importance of Micronutrients in the Older Adults
Aging precipitates significant changes in physical, cognitive, and physiological realms, profoundly impacting nutritional needs. Aging brings declines in muscle mass, immune function, bone density, nutrient absorption, metabolism, and oral health status. Micronutrients (e.g., omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals—selenium, fluoride, zinc, iron, and manganese), are of particular importance and are fundamental in terms of human metabolism, physiology, and general and oral health.
  • 823
  • 04 Dec 2023
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