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Topic Review
Volume and Surgical Outcomes in Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer is ranked as the fifth most frequently diagnosed type of cancer. Complete resection with adequate lymphadenectomy represents the goal of treatment with curative intent. Quality assurance is a crucial factor in the evaluation of oncological surgical care, and centralization of healthcare in referral hospitals has been proposed in several countries. However, an international agreement about the setting of “high-volume hospitals” as well as “minimum volume standards” has not yet been clearly established. Despite the clear postoperative mortality benefits that have been described for gastric cancer surgery conducted by high-volume surgeons in high-volume hospitals, many authors have highlighted the limitations of a non-composite variable to define the ideal postoperative period.
  • 518
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Arboviral Disease Outbreaks in the Pacific Islands Countries
Arthropod-borne viral (arboviral) diseases are a significant global health problem accounting for >17% of all infectious disease cases and 1 million deaths worldwide annually. Arboviral diseases are infections caused by over 100 viruses belonging to the Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Reoviridae, Bunyaviridae, Rhabdoviridae and Orthomyxoviridae families. These viruses are spread to humans through arthropods, including mosquitos, ticks, and flies.
  • 516
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Self-Directed Online Learning and Mental Health during COVID-19
During COVID-19, self-directed learning, contrasted with standardized learning, became a necessary and promoted learning method in public schools—one potentially supportive of mental health regularly in public schools through the use of online learning. This is important because negative mental health has been classified as a global crisis, with the highest and lowest student achievers recognized as at greatest risk. 
  • 513
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and Inadequacy of Care
Prenatal alcohol exposure is one of the major avoidable causes of developmental disruption and health abnormalities in children. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), a significant consequence of prenatal alcohol exposure, have gained more attention. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are an umbrella term used to describe a pattern of disabilities and abnormalities that result from fetal exposure to ethanol during pregnancy and are the most common non-heritable causes of intellectual disability. The effects on the fetus may include physical, mental, behavioral, and/or learning disabilities, with possible lifelong implications, and encompass a phenotypic range that can greatly vary between individuals but reliably include one or more of the following: facial dysmorphism, fetal growth deficiency, central nervous system dysfunction, and neurobehavioral impairment. 
  • 510
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Antiaging Potential of Peptides
Aging is a biological process that occurs under normal conditions and in several chronic degenerative diseases. Bioactive natural peptides have been shown to improve the effects of aging in cell and animal models and in clinical trials. However, few reports delve into the enormous diversity of peptides from marine organisms.
  • 509
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Impact of COVID-19 on Mergers and Acquisitions Activity
The term mergers and acquisition (M&A) is used to refer to the financial transaction by which two or more different entities consolidate in view of creating synergies that can be exemplified by gains in operational efficiency and/or increased capabilities. More particularly, the term “mergers” entails the joining of two comparable sized companies in view of creating a new entity, while the term “acquisitions” describes the absorption of a company by a (typically) larger one. While all M&A proceedings are all unique in value and type, they all aim at supporting the strategic mission and vision of the parties involved.
  • 509
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Sentiment Analysis of E-News in Public Health Crisis
Public awareness campaigns play a pivotal role in disseminating relevant information on health promotion and disease prevention, especially to key populations. Sentiment analysis can be defined as the task of extracting subjective information about sentiments (positive, negative, or neutral) from different sources. Texts, biometric data, comments on social networks, product feedback, and others are examples of sources. This analysis allows us to know factors that influence certain social phenomena and can be used, for example, to verify the acceptance of a given product or even to understand how the target audience perceives marketing messages.
  • 504
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Resistance Training for People with COVID-19
Among different physical exercise models that might help to prevent and treat COVID-19-related conditions, resistance training (RT) might be particularly relevant. Among its benefits, RT can be adapted to be performed in many different situations, even with limited space and equipment, and is easily adapted to an individual’s characteristics and health status.
  • 504
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Lower Strength Alcohol Products
European consumers are increasingly buying and drinking lower strength alcohol products over time, with some two fifths doing so to drink less alcohol. It tends to be younger more socially advantaged men, and existing heavier buyers and drinkers of alcohol, who take up lower strength alcohol products. Substitution leads to a lower number of grams of alcohol bought and drunk.  Buying and drinking lower strength products do not appear to act as gateways to buying and drinking higher strength products. Producer companies are increasing the availability of lower strength alcohol products, particularly for beer, with extra costs of production offset by income from sales. Lower strength alcohol products tend to be marketed as compliments to, rather than substitutes of, existing alcohol consumption. Production of lower strength alcohol products could impair the impact of existing alcohol policy through alibi marketing (using the brand of lower strength products to promote higher strength products), broadened normalization of drinking cultures, and pressure to weaken policies. In addition to increasing the availability of lower strength products and improved labelling, the key policy that favours substitution of higher strength alcohol products with lower strength products is an alcohol tax based on the dose of alcohol across all products. 
  • 502
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Mental Stress in Medical Students during the Pandemic
Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, students had to interrupt their regular studies, and universities changed their teaching formats. The lockdowns affected students in more ways than simply their teaching formats. Students require individual support to adjust to difficult situations, and particularly medical students in their preclinical phase compared to students in their clinical phases. These are challenges for the medical education system, which must find ways to be prepared for future times of crisis and insecurity.
  • 492
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Early Forecasts of the COVID-19 Pandemic
This entry reviews early forecasting of the COVID pandemic in the context of forecast accuracy and epidemic and pandemic forecasting. 
  • 483
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Salivary XIST expression and OSCC
Studies have shown that there is a disparity between males and females in south-east Asia with regard to oral cancer morbidity. XIST may play an important role in oral cancer morbidity when associated with sex. Lack of salivary lncRNA XIST expression was associated with an increased risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). 
  • 477
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Systematic Approach in Digital Health Transformation in Healthcare
The COVID-19 pandemic has sped up digital health transformation across the health sectors to enable innovative health service delivery. Such transformation relies on competent managers with the capacity to lead and manage. Sustainable, quality, and safe healthcare services require a management workforce equipped with contemporary leadership and management capabilities. With the ever-changing landscape of digital health, health service managers are required to lead and manage in times of system transformation. Digital competencies are required for the health service management (HSM) profession as well as the general healthcare workforce, which needs collaborative efforts across healthcare organizations, government, educational, and professional institutions. Management workforce capacity-building needs to adopt a holistic approach to developing the requisite HSM capabilities and system-wide capacity, which may include appropriate policy, supportive organizational systems and structure, and aligned education and training offerings. HSM workforce development is not a one-off effort. It requires system-level investment, support, and recognition, and collective efforts in removing the barriers and hurdles to the ongoing development of required digital health competencies and capabilities.
  • 475
  • 16 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Community-Based Prevention and Control of Public Health Events
The so-called community is a living community with stable physical boundaries and common value orientation. Compared with the more common definition of the community as a physical carrier, the community has gradually become the dominant tool to deal with public health emergencies in methodology. On the one hand, from the perspective of the physical attributes of the community, as the most normal living place for ordinary people, the community carries the temporary response to the current sudden public crisis. On the other hand, from the perspective of the social attributes of the community, the recessive resources within the community, such as the trust capital within the community, have played an assisting and supplementary role in the recovery of mental health after a public health crisis to a certain extent.
  • 473
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Public Education on Cervical Cancer in Poland
Proper targeted cancer prophylaxis reduces the incidence of cancer in all forms; this includes cancers with significant progression potential and poor prognosis. refinement of the public education on cervical cancer (CC) risk factors, popularization of CC screening incentives amongst the public, and improvement of networking strategies between CC screening facilities (“cervical screening clinical”), allowing screenings to be more efficient and rapid. To enhance the future quality of life of those with rapid CC progression by catching the disease preemptively and limiting the sequelae of the disease, it is important to improve education and access to medical services.
  • 457
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Cervical Cancer Screening
In Southeast Asia, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women. Low coverage for cervical cancer screening (CCS) becomes a roadblock to disease detection and treatment. Herein, we identified the barriers to and facilitators of cervical cancer screening among women living in SEA.
  • 453
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Medical Tourism in Greece
Medical tourism is a rapidly growing sector, and could become a major driver of tourism in Greece. Medical tourism can significantly contribute to the domestic economy, as well as that the domestic market is ready for the provision of medical tourism services on a larger scale, while more than 70% of the tourists asked would be interested in travelling to Greece to receive medical treatment.
  • 451
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Quick-Response-Based Technology in Healthcare and Dentistry
 The present smart card is an advance in patient identification, using a quick-response (QR) code to automatically report or receive certain types of responses from patients or physicians once illuminated by signals from QR readers.
  • 450
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Recreational Nitrous Oxide Use
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a dissociative anaesthetic that is sometimes used recreationally. The prevalence of N2O use is difficult to quantify but appears to be increasing. Research on N2O harms and application of harm reduction strategies are limited. The disparate body of research on recreational nitrous oxide use to inform harm reduction approaches tailored for young people was collated and synthesised. 
  • 446
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Characteristics and General Classification of Gastric Cancer
Gastric tumors have been divided based on their location—cardiac and distal. The former refers to the small paracardial area, while the latter refers to the rest of it. The most popular classification in terms of histology is the Laurén classification, which distinguishes between two types of gastric cancer (GC)—intestinal and diffuse. The first GC subtype is often associated with Helicobacter Pylori and lifestyle, which includes a high intake of table salt and alcohol, a low supply of fruits and vegetables, or smoking. It is estimated that about 15–20% of tumors do not fall under Laurén’s classification and are, therefore, considered intermediate tumors. Clinically, GC can also be divided according to its early or advanced stage. Early gastric cancers refer to small tumors (2–5 cm) that take the form of invasive carcinoma of the gastric mucosa or submucosa. Detection of lesions at their early stage is associated with relatively good survival.
  • 433
  • 03 Mar 2023
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