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Topic Review
5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptors
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors, also referred to as serotonin receptors, are a monoamine receptor molecule, activated by the neurotransmitter serotonin.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Antidepressants and Circadian Rhythm
Circadian oscillations alter drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) as well as intracellular signaling systems, target molecules (e.g., receptors, transporters, and enzymes), and gene transcription. There is a positive influence of drug dosing-time on the efficacy of depression therapy. On the other hand, antidepressants have also demonstrated to modulate circadian rhythmicity and sleep–wake cycles. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Multiple Trace Theory
Multiple trace theory is a memory consolidation model advanced as an alternative model to strength theory. It posits that each time some information is presented to a person, it is neurally encoded in a unique memory trace composed of a combination of its attributes. Further support for this theory came in the 1960s from empirical findings that people could remember specific attributes about an object without remembering the object itself. The mode in which the information is presented and subsequently encoded can be flexibly incorporated into the model. This memory trace is unique from all others resembling it due to differences in some aspects of the item's attributes, and all memory traces incorporated since birth are combined into a multiple-trace representation in the brain. In memory research, a mathematical formulation of this theory can successfully explain empirical phenomena observed in recognition and recall tasks.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Applying CADD for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington’s disease are incurable and affect millions of people worldwide. The development of treatments for this unmet clinical need is a major global research challenge. Computer-aided drug design (CADD) methods minimize the huge number of ligands that could be screened in biological assays, reducing the cost, time, and effort required to develop new drugs. 
  • 1.1K
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
“Omic” Studies and Cadasil
CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy; OMIM#125310) is a systemic arteriopathy of non-atherosclerotic and non-amyloid cause. It is a rare disease affecting fewer than 2/1000 individuals, caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 gene. It has autosomal dominant inheritance, although it can also occur due to de novo mutations. 
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Blindness and Spatial Asymmetries
The human cerebral cortex is asymmetrically organized with hemispheric lateralization pervading nearly all neural systems of the brain. Whether the lack of normal visual development affects hemispheric specialization subserving the deployment of visuospatial attention asymmetries is controversial. In principle, indeed, the lack of early visual experience may affect the lateralization of spatial functions, and the blind may rely on a different sensory input compared to the sighted. In this entry, we thus present a current state-of-the-art synthesis of empirical evidence concerning the effects of visual deprivation on the lateralization of various spatial processes (i.e., including line bisection, mirror symmetry, and localization tasks). Overall, the evidence reviewed indicates that spatial processes are supported by a right hemispheric network in the blind, hence, analogously to the sighted. Such a right-hemisphere dominance, however, seems more accentuated in the blind as compared to the sighted as indexed by the greater leftward bias shown in different spatial tasks. This is possibly the result of the more pronounced involvement of the right parietal cortex during spatial tasks in blind individuals compared to the sighted, as well as of the additional recruitment of the right occipital cortex, which would reflect the cross-modal plastic phenomena that largely characterize the blind brain.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
ALS
The site of origin of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), although unsettled, is increasingly recognized as being cortico-fugal, which is a dying-forward process primarily starting in the corticomotoneuronal system. 
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Natural Compounds in Glioblastoma Therapy
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a tumor of the brain or spinal cord with poor clinical prognosis. Current interventions, such as chemotherapy and surgical tumor resection, are constrained by tumor invasion and cancer drug resistance. Dietary natural substances are therefore evaluated for their potential as agents in GBM treatment. Various substances found in fruits, vegetables, and other natural products restrict tumor growth and induce GBM cell death. These preclinical effects are promising but remain constrained by natural substances’ varying pharmacological properties. While many of the reviewed substances are available as over-the-counter supplements, their anti-GBM efficacy should be corroborated by clinical trials moving forward. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Treating Traumatic Brain Injuries
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as an injury caused by an external force that results in the disruption of normal brain function. In the United States, between 2016–2017, there were approximately 451,000 cases of TBI that resulted in hospitalization. The most common mechanisms of injury contributing to TBI were unintentional falls and motor vehicle crashes.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Neurodegeneration
The human body is highly complex and comprises a variety of living cells and extracellular material, which forms tissues, organs, and organ systems. Human cells tend to turn over readily to maintain homeostasis in tissues. However, postmitotic nerve cells exceptionally have an ability to regenerate and be sustained for the entire life of an individual, to safeguard the physiological functioning of the central nervous system. For efficient functioning of the CNS, neuronal death is essential, but extreme loss of neurons diminishes the functioning of the nervous system and leads to the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases range from acute to chronic severe life-altering conditions like Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Millions of individuals worldwide are suffering from neurodegenerative disorders with little or negligible treatment available, thereby leading to a decline in their quality of life. Neuropathological studies have identified a series of factors that explain the etiology of neuronal degradation and its progression in neurodegenerative disease. The onset of neurological diseases depends on a combination of factors that causes a disruption of neurons, such as environmental, biological, physiological, and genetic factors. 
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Jul 2021
Topic Review
The Role of TNF-α in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that represents the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a proinflammatory cytokine, has attracted attention due to its multifaceted and still not fully characterized role in AD and the fact that it could potentially represent a future therapeutic target. Indeed, TNF-α has many roles, not only in inflammation, but also in cell death and proliferation, and is crucial in maintaining CNS homeostasis. TNF-α is primarily produced by microglia, astrocytes, and neurons in response to various stimuli. Although TNF-α has a fundamental role in modulating excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier permeability, regulation of oligodendrocyte survival, myelin formation and repair, its excessive or dysregulated production can have detrimental effects on neuronal health, contributing to the development of neurodegeneration.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Neurodegeneration in NPC Disease
Niemann–Pick type C (NPC) disease is an autosomal recessive storage disorder, characterized by abnormal sequestration of unesterified cholesterol in the late endo-lysosomal system of cells. Progressive neurological deterioration and the onset of symptoms, such as ataxia, seizures, cognitive decline, and severe dementia, are pathognomonic features of the disease. In addition, different pathological similarities, including degeneration of hippocampal and cortical neurons, hyperphosphorylated tau, and neurofibrillary tangle formation, have been identified between NPC disease and other neurodegenerative pathologies.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
G-Protein-Coupled Receptors in CNS
Neurodegenerative diseases are a large group of neurological disorders with diverse etiological and pathological phenomena. However, current therapeutics rely mostly on symptomatic relief while failing to target the underlying disease pathobiology. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the most frequently targeted receptors for developing novel therapeutics for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Many currently available antipsychotic therapeutics also act as either antagonists or agonists of different GPCRs. Therefore, GPCR-based drug development is spreading widely to regulate neurodegeneration and associated cognitive deficits through the modulation of canonical and noncanonical signals.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 May 2021
Topic Review
The Effect of Menopause on Antipsychotic Response
Whenever estrogen levels decline, psychosis symptoms in women increase. At menopause, this can happen in two main ways: (a) the loss of estrogen (mainly estradiol) can directly affect central neurotransmission, leading to increase in schizophrenia-related symptoms, and (b) the loss of estrogen can decrease the synthesis of enzymes that metabolize antipsychotic drugs, thus weakening their efficacy.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Lacunar Stroke
Lacunar strokes are small subcortical infacts that occur in the territory of one perforatng artery. Lacunar infarcts represent one of the most frequent subtypes of ischemic strokes and may represent the first recognizable manifestation of a progressive disease of the small perforating arteries, capillaries, and venules of the brain, defined as cerebral small vessel disease.
  • 1.0K
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Mood Disorders
The microbiota–gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication pathway that enables the gut microbiota to communicate with the brain through direct and indirect signaling pathways to influence brain physiology, function, and even behavior. Several taxonomic changes in the gut microbiota have been reported in neurodevelopmental disorders, mood disorders such as anxiety and depression, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. 
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Feb 2022
Biography
Pedro Antonio Valdes-Sosa
Pedro Antonio Valdes-Sosa (born March 12, 1950 in Chicago , Illinois, United States ), is the General Vice-Director for Research of the Cuban Neurosciences Center, which he cofounded in 1990. He is also Member of the Editorial Boards of the following journals: Neuroimage,[1] Medicc,[2] Audiology and Neurotology,[3] PLosOne[4] Frontiers, Neuroimage and Brain Connectivity. His work includes statis
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
SF1 Neurons
SF1 neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus are a specific lead in the brain’s ability to sense glucose levels and conduct insulin and leptin signaling in energy expenditure and glucose homeostasis.
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Ly6c as New Marker of Mouse Blood Vessels
During our research we have observed that Ly6c, which is traditionally only used as a classic and non-classical monocyte / macrophage differentiating antigen, can be used as a new specific marker of the mouse vasculature and to assess qualitatively and quantitatively vascular changes in health and disease. Researchers believe that this innovative application of Ly6c immunodetection, which has shown three advantages (brighter signal, homogeneous staining and greater selectivity) compared to traditional vessel markers such as IB4 isolectin, will be of high interest to researchers in this field.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
TNAP in Central Nervous System
Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is an ectoenzyme bound to the plasma membranes of numerous cells via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) moiety. TNAP is one of many proteins localized to Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), and is highly abundant in human and rodent cerebral microvessels [33]. There are four alkaline phosphatase (AP) isoenzymes in humans and they include: TNAP, germ cell alkaline phosphatase (GCAP), intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP), and placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP). Although TNAP is ubiquitous in many tissue, it is most highly expressed in bone, liver, intestine, kidney, and brain, while the three other AP isoenzymes are expressed in the tissues for which they are named. TNAP is also highly expressed in cerebral microvessels.
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Jun 2021
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